The Ciliwung river is heavily polluted with heavy metal concentrations such as lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) [6,7,8], nitrate (NO3), human enteric viruses, and Escherichia coli [9, 10]. Komunitas Int J Indonesian Soc Cult. "The Ciliwung cleanup action is expected to simultaneously break the Indonesian records for the largest number of participants and longest section of river being cleaned. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Therefore, this river can not only function as representative study object, delivering first . They knew their neighbors, which meant: they could depend upon them in times of distress, they had quick access to formal and informal job opportunities, and support in times of lifecycle events such as marriage, sickness, and death [12, 49]. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. That figure is way higher than for the Chao Phraya river in Thailand (5,000 items per hour), Seine river in France (700 items) and Rhine river in the Netherlands (80 items). Based on the pollution load index value (PLI), all sampling locations are in no pollution conditions. Of the ten million people in Jakarta half live on less than $2 US per day, and a large percentage of those people live along the Ciliwung, which is its main problem. A number of these NGOs are part of KRuHA, a coalition of more than 30 Indonesian NGOs that focus on making access to safe water a reality in Indonesia. An additional 30,000 people die from sanitation and hygiene related illnesses according to the World Bank. When we averaged the respondents responses at the three different time points on the happiness and life satisfaction scales, the results were similar to those shown in Table4: the Ciliwung group was significantly different from the other groups in happiness and life satisfaction scores. PubMed The main tributaries in the upper catchment area are the Ciesek and Ciluar rivers with respective lengths 9.7km and 21.0km, with catchment areas of 27.15km2 and 35.25km2 respectively. Hanestad BR, Rustoen T, Knudsen O Jr, Lerdal A, Wahl AK. Over 710 people attended our 10th National Monitoring Conference in Tampa. A report from the WHOQOL group. Notwithstanding this, the people of the Ciliwung group reported themselves as being less happy compared to the three comparison groups, which was more in line with what we expected. Third, these people had lived there for generations amongst those they had known for life, often with similar ethnicity and religion. They have expanded their living space by piling sacks of stones as a foundation. Another finding was that the amount of plastic waste was higher when there were more water flows. The benchmark will also help ensure the efficacy of technological solutions. Another finding was that the amount of plastic waste was higher when there were more water flows. J Couns Psychol. PLoS One. Plastic items weighing more than 2 million kilograms in total, as much as 1,000 Tesla cars like this, end up in the oceans from rivers in Jakarta alone. A native animal like the soft shell turtle called bulus senggawangan is now hard to find. The Ciliwung is 200 miles long and is the main river that runs through the capital of Jakarta. In general the geology of the upstream of Ciliwung river basin is dominated by Tuffaceous Breccia and older deposits lahar and lava. [11] The part of the river was dammed so that the river was forced to flow westward via Molenvliet. Notwithstanding these circumstances, at the time of this study, many people still lived next to the Ciliwung. The Indonesian EQ-5D-5L value set. The largest canal which flows through the middle of Batavia was named Kali Besar or Dutch Grote Rivier ("Big River"). Health Risk Soc. Sadly, it is often the poorest communities that are the most at risk and the first to be affected. Sci Total Environ. raising house levels) and non-physical (a communal work system to minimize the effect of a flood, the re-use of surviving material after a flood) responses to floods, in other words, they became resilient [12, 47,48,49]. 2017;32(4):58. This is important to understand as it suggests most of the plastic waste is transported during the rainy season, the peak of river flows. This finding also appears contradictory to a number of investigations of health status in general populations, e.g. Environ Pollut. Ciliwung watershed has an area of approximately 347 km 2 ; and the length of the main river is 117 km. Nripendra Kumar Sarma Sunda Kelapa, located at the mouth of Ciliwung (more or less at the north end of present Kali Besar), was the main harbor of the Kingdom of Sunda. After the 1918 Jakarta's big flood, a new canal, the Banjir canal ("flood canal"), was constructed in 1922 to divert the water of several rivers of Jakarta, which includes Ciliwung, Cideng, and Krukut. Dubbed the worlds second-largest marine polluter, Indonesia has ambitious targets to reduce plastic waste by 70 percent by 2025. This measure is frequently used in surveys such as the Gallup World Poll [38]. The water of the canals were used by the citizens for drinking water. DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1436/1/012038, 1 Wongsanit J, Teartisup P, Kerdsueb P, Tharnpoophasiam P, Worakhunpiset S. Contamination of nitrate in groundwater and its potential human health: a case study of lower Mae Klong river basin, Thailand. Of these families, approximately 400 lived by the Ciliwung. Actually, there is no sewerage system in the town. Back then when Molenvliet was deep enough for boats to sail, annual Peh Cun or Dragon Boat festival were held in the river.[9]. Your browser is out of date, and may not be compatible with our website. We conducted the survey in Bukit Duri, an administrative urban village of South Jakarta city directly adjacent to the Ciliwung river. The river is heavily polluted with trash and wastewater. J Nurs Meas. The MANOVA analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between the Ciliwung group and the matched control group in quality of life and life satisfaction (Wilks lambda 0.915 and 0.965, respectively), but not in health status and happiness. Hendri Bastaman, told IRIN that pollution in West . We then combined level 2 (slight problems) through to level 5 (unable/extreme problems) into any problems and presented this along with level 1 (no problems). Read the original article. Maring P, Hasugian F, Kaligis RAW. Thirteen (13) rivers flowing in the city of Jakarta and Ciliwung is one of them. There are some un-authorised settlers also in the river bank and they defecate I some insanitary toilets, from where the excreta leads directly to the river. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 165,200 academics and researchers from 4,637 institutions. People living on a polluted and flooding riverbank in a large city showed a lower quality of life, particularly physical, and fewer feelings of happiness, than a comparable group that did not live there. the Ciliwung River before and after passing through the Bogor Botanical Gardens using physical-chemical parameters as well as biotic parameters. Second, respondent recruitment might raise questions about the objectivity/representativeness of the study sample since we asked non-governmental organization officers to introduce us to the community. The natural flow of Ciliwung was diverted into canals by the Dutch during the early settlement of Jakarta (then named as Batavia). [14] The tunnel is 2.9 kilometers long and diameter of six meters.[15]. Our findings are the first with respect to the quality of life and health status of people living in uncertainty due to floods, pollution, and possible relocation. Future studies combining quantitative and qualitative methods could obtain a comprehensive picture of the effects of relocation on the people involved. International Conference on Nuclear Capacity Building, Education, Research and Applications (I-Concern19) 67 September 2019, Yogyakarta, Indonesia We monitored levels of macro plastics (plastics with a size of more than five milimetres) in five locations of Ciliwung river in May 2018. Like with most things you have to make the communities aware of the problem and what they can do to help before any real movement can happen. Evidently, such living conditions were accompanied by increased risks of different diseases, such as fecal-oral contagion, infectious diseases, skin complaints, and diarrhea. Looking forward to reading it. The river is part of the Citarum River Basin. All the authors commented on the final analysis. Culture of Jakarta can be seen in the Yapong dance and Gambang kromong as well as Kroncong music can still be found at Tugu, north of Jakarta. Kularatna S, Whitty JA, Johnson NW, Jayasinghe R, Scuffham PA. EQ-5D-3L derived population norms for health related quality of life in Sri Lanka. This river was named Molenvliet and it was built by the Dutch by Kapitein der Chinezen (head of the Chinese in Betawi), Phoa Beng Gan known as Beng Gan. Article The EQ-5D-5L is a generic HRQOL instrument which consists of two parts: i) five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression), each of which can take one of five responses (no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and unable/extreme problems), and ii) the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), which records the respondents self-rated health on a 20cm vertical visual analogue scale with endpoints labelled the best health you can imagine and the worst health you can imagine [25]. . 2012;10:132. Google Scholar. (B) Overview of monitoring locations and hydrodynamic data locations in Jakarta, Indonesia. People living on the banks of polluted rivers with yearly flooding lived in impoverished and physically unhealthy circumstances. We were able to interview 204 respondents. The river is heavily polluted with trash and wastewater from millions of households and industrial plants. Assistant Professor Hydrologic Sensing, Wageningen University. Indonesia, 2 van Reenen M, Janssen MF. This site uses cookies. Riverine plastic pollution is new science but necessary to stop overflowing waste coming to oceans. Quality of life of the Indonesian general population: test-retest reliability and population norms of the EQ-5D-5L and WHOQOL-BREF. Int Psychogeriatr. The existence of these Kingdoms is found from ancient inscriptions at Ciaruteun (Tarumanagara) and Batutulis (Padjajaran). 2015;75(2):112744. 2013;22(10):298391. Culture in the Bogor area is mainly Sundanese, such as can be observed from traditional dances, the Ketuk Tilu or the Jaipongan which is modern, sensual and full of spirit. Salim OC, Sudharma NI, Rina K, Kusumaratna RK, Hidayat A. Validity and reliability of World Health Organization quality of life-BREF to assess the quality of life in the elderly (in Bahasa Indonesia). We also applied one-way MANOVA to test the difference between groups across each outcome variables domains simultaneously: health status, quality of life, happiness, and life satisfaction. Kind of shows where the world medias priorities are. 2nd ed: Routledge; 1988. Tran BX, Ohinmaa A, Nguyen LT. Quality of life profile and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in HIV/AIDS patients. Visitors can go to cleaner waters upstream to find such fish and if they are lucky, they may meet with a bulus senggawangan.Besides animals, visitors can also learn about the river's native plants such as salak (snakefruit), condet and cempedak condet (a family of jackfruit).Jakarta Deputy Governor Djarot Saiful Hidayat said on Wednesday during the celebration of Ciliwung Day that if environmental degradation around the river continued, it was possible that these native animals and plants would finally go into extinction.Environment preservationThose who love exploring nature and learning about the wisdom it has to give might consider a boat ride on the river.There are many communities, such as the Ciliwung Condet Community in East Jakarta, that offer river tracing services. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2015. Health Qual Life Outcomes. Most effect sizes were small, with the exception of that for the physical domain of WHQOL-BREF, which was moderate. Migrants to the city live cheek by jowl along its banks. Im curious if the sewage is from piped sewers and is being discharged into the river, or is it that people are practicing open defecation and then its getting into the river? Further, Ciliwung respondents perceived themselves as less happy but more satisfied with their lives than the controls. These services enable visitors to see the amount of trash in the river and learn how pollution has harmed the environment.Ciliwung Condet Community member Isto Hari said that his community conducted river tracing activities to make visitors aware of the amount of pollution in the river.Betawi culture and traditionCiliwung River was once a center of life for the ancestors of the Betawi people, the natives of Jakarta.Isto said that in the past, people generally prayed and held rituals near Ciliwung River when they wished for good fortune. The water ends up in Ancol. Citation T R Mulyaningsih et al 2020 J. This suggests people directly dumped their household wastes into the water system. Water from Ciliwung was initially stored in a reservoir (waterplaats or aquada) near Fort Jacatra, north of the city. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Rumanta M. Analysis of lead (Pb) pollution in the river estuaries of Jakarta bay. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Soetomenggolo HA, Firmansyah A, Kurniawan A, Trihono PP. The benchmark will also help ensure the efficacy of technological solutions. Our results have some implications for future studies. Not only the water became polluted, That's over . The flow of Ciliwung was diverted through the Manggarai floodgate, constructed at the point near Manggarai station. The plan is to break the river up into six segments which will allow local municipalities to better manage their section of the river. Publishing. Ciliwung River is one of the rivers that flow in Jakarta. Google Scholar. It is necessary to establish benchmark values for plastic pollution in rivers around the world. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment Conference: 9th International Conference on Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, SC. The Ciliwung is 200 miles long and is the main river that runs through the capital of Jakarta. 1993;46(12):141732. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the water quality of the Ciliwung River in the upstream (inlet), middle and downstream (outlet) segments of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. In the five locations we surveyed, we mostly found plastic bags and food wrappings. Environ Sci Pollut Res. The plan was to relocate people from Bukit Duri who lived on the riverbank after the relocation of Kampung Pulo was finished. Ciliwung River is one of the sources of raw water and drinking water for Jakarta. Though a relatively new science, the study of plastic pollution in rivers and canals, known as riverine plastic pollution, holds the key to reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the oceans. Fitrian Ardiansyah, Andri Akbar Marthen, and Nur Amalia, "Rp500 Billion for Ciliwung River Tunnel Construction", Forest and land-use governance in a decentralized Indonesia: A legal and policy review, Center for International Forestry Research, "Ciliwung restoration reaches 34 percent completion", "Two reservoirs, big tunnel planned to ease flooding", "Public Works Ministry Prioritizes Ciliwung-Cisadane Project", "CILIWUNG, PILOT PROJECT OF INDONESIA'S RIVER CLEAN-UP PROGRAM by Fardah", "South Korea to help in restoring Ciliwung River", "Jakarta seeing results with cleaner rivers", http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,107683/190/record.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciliwung&oldid=1154295239, This page was last edited on 11 May 2023, at 14:34. 2014;106:207. In line with the manual of the English version of WHOQOL-BREF [27] we chose to apply a time-frame of 4weeks, and our version was acknowledged by the WHO as the revised official Bahasa Indonesia version. A restoration project is undertaken to widen and water flow of the river. Informal settlements or slums flourished on the banks of Ciliwung, increasing the amount of waste and reducing the surface area of the river. Qual Life Res. 2. Exploring health status in more detail, the percentage of Ciliwung respondents who reported no problem on all dimensions of EQ-5D-5L (11111) was significantly higher than that of the comparison groups, as can be seen in Table3. (1) BKB-Angke (Ciliwung), (2) Cengkareng Kapuk (Pesanggrahan), (3) BKT (various), (4) Sunter mouth (Sunter), (5) Cakung mouth (Cakung), (6) BKB-Grogol (Ciliwung), and (7) Haryono (Ciliwung). First, the data was collected at a time of escalation of tension between the people of Kampung Pulo and the government of Jakarta, i.e. Mar Pollut Bull. Note that most effect sizes were small, except that for the physical domain of WHQOL-BREF, which was moderate. Qual Life Res. Mean rainfall reaches 3,125mm, with mean annual discharge of 16m3/s as measured at Ciliwung Ratujaya observation station (231km2). BMC Public Health The recent relocation to a better environment with better housing might improve the former Ciliwung inhabitants quality of life and happiness, but not necessarily their perceived health, satisfaction with life, and financial situations. Despite the conditions, the inhabitants were reluctant to move or to be relocated by the government to other parts of Jakarta where better living conditions were available. (Hadiaty, 2011). Though a relatively new science, the study of plastic pollution in rivers and canals, known as riverine plastic pollution, holds the key to reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the oceans. They even hold competitions for how much garbage could be picked out of the water in a certain amount of time. Their former homes were demolished in order to improve the rivers condition. The effect sizes were small in all comparisons. The inclusion criteria for this group, which will be referred to as Ciliwung in this manuscript, were the following: i) living by the Ciliwung river, ii) aged 17years or more, iii) an adequate command of the Indonesian language Bahasa Indonesia. This larger study implemented a multi-stage stratified quota sampling procedure to ensure the samples representativeness of the Indonesian general population, resulting in 1041 respondents being interviewed in the final analysis. The study also finds the weight of plastic waste from all rivers in Jakarta totals 2.1 million kilograms, equivalent to 1,000 Tesla Model S cars. Self-perceived health measured with EQ-5D-5L (EQ-VAS) showed the opposite direction to that measured by WHOQOL-BREF: Ciliwung respondents reported significantly higher (more favorable) scores than the matched control group. What are people saying when they report they are happy or life satisfied. Our research in 2018 indicates that Ciliwung river, which divides Indonesia's capital Jakarta, is among the most polluted rivers in the world. We hired four final year bachelors degree students at the YARSI University Faculty of Psychology as interviewers. Nonetheless, it has some hidden potential. This is a small river and nowadays it has turned out to be open swear Line flowing through the Guwahati City. in the area across the river from Bukit Duri, concerning the possibility of relocation to some large blocks of flats provided by the Jakarta government. In terms of science, I suggest other cities and countries, including Indonesia, should consider conducting plastic waste monitoring in their rivers and waterways as well. This river has many important functions, such as raw water sources for drinking water, fisheries, livestock, agriculture, and urban businesses [1]. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. For this studys sample, the internal consistency of the Happiness Thermometer scale was 0.78. 2008;156(1):317. Gunung Sahari Canal divert the flow of Ciliwung to reach the Java Sea to the north, near the mouth of River Ancol (now the canal near Dunia Fantasi). Another finding was that the amount of plastic waste was higher when there was more water flowing through. The analysis result shows that the detected elements in sediment include: Br, Al, As, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Cs, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, Yb, and Zn. Though a relatively new science, the study of plastic pollution in rivers and canals, known as riverine plastic pollution, holds the key to reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the oceans. The Happiness Thermometer and Cantrils Self-Anchoring Striving Scale were translated into Bahasa Indonesia by two native Indonesian speakers, backward translated into English by a native English speaker, and the study team held a meeting to check on the equivalence of the two translations. Author provided. By using this website, you agree to our Development of a program to increase personal happiness. CAS The part of Ciliwung that flows straight from Harmoni to the north used to be a private river with toll payments for those who wanted to pass through it. Regards. Construction left an . The river is the largest among 13 rivers flowing through Jakarta, at approximately 130km in length, with a catchment area of 390 square km. This will help governments set priorities for which rivers should be cleaned first. Measuring health-related quality of life among adults in Singapore: population norms for the EQ-5D. For the comparison between the Ciliwung sample and the three other groups of the domains of each variable: health status (EQ-VAS and index score), quality of life (physical, psychological, social relationships and environment domains from WHOQOL-BREF), personal happiness (today, over the past month, and whole life), life satisfaction (now, 5years ago, and 5years from now), and financial situation, we applied t-tests if the data was normally distributed or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if not normally distributed. Editors Note: This article, republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license, marks Indonesias National Waste Awareness Day (Hari Peduli Sampah Nasional) on February 21. (1) BKB-Angke (Ciliwung), (2) Cengkareng Kapuk (Pesanggrahan), (3) BKT (various), (4) Sunter mouth (Sunter), (5) Cakung mouth (Cakung), (6) BKB-Grogol (Ciliwung), and (7) Haryono (Ciliwung). [7], During the rise of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, Ciliwung became the important mean of transportation for the kingdom. When there was more than one match for a respondent from of the Ciliwung population, a subject was randomly chosen from the possible matches. Later the reservoir was transferred to the sides of Molenvliet in Glodok area. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Small boats sailed along Ciliwung to transport goods from warehouses close to Kali Besar to ships anchored at the port. Assistant Professor Hydrologic Sensing, Wageningen University, the worlds second-largest marine polluter. This will help governments set priorities for what rivers should be cleaned first. The Ciliwung river is heavily polluted with heavy metal concentrations such as lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) [6,7,8], nitrate (NO3), human enteric viruses, and Escherichia coli [9, 10]. Beginning in area that is now Istiqlal Mosque, the Ciliwung was diverted into two canals, one flowing northwest and one flowing northeast. Fortunately, or unfortunately, people dont drink from the river anymore because of the pollution. 2018;13(5):e0197098. The Ciliwung River Basin has been populated at least since the 4th century. Economic activityAs most people living on the river banks are poor, learning about their living and how they survive amid rocketing prices in Jakarta could be interesting.People on the river bank, often referred to as the river community, have developed an economic cycle within their own community. Similar results were obtained by comparison with the Jakarta inhabitants and the general population. However, the river still has some native fish.According to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), fish like suckermouth catfish, guppy fish and tilapia fish can still be found in the river. Dubbed the worlds second-largest marine polluter, Indonesia has ambitious targets to reduce plastic waste by 70% by 2025. The water is diverted to the west of the city through Pasar Rumput, Dukuh Atas and going to northwest to Karet Kubur and continued to Tanah Abang, Tomang, Grogol, Pademangan, and ends at Muara Angke. Figure 1. Indonesia needs more research on how plastic waste in the ocean impact marine life. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5706-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5706-0. Nakayama T, Tuyet Hoa TT, Harada K, Warisaya M, Asayama M, Hinenoya A, Lee JW, Phu TM, Ueda S, Sumimura Y, et al. Baptista A, Camilo C, Santos I, de Almeida Brites J, Rosa JB, Fernandez-Abascal EG. The sample was similar to the Indonesian population with respect to: location (urban/rural), gender, age, level of education, religion, and ethnicity [17]. [4] On December 19, 2013 a contract to build water tunnel(s) to East Flood Canal from Ciliwung River with minimum capacity of 60 cubic meters per second has been signed by Public Works Ministry. Here's why. Hellman J. Water maintenance and ecological awareness is minimal. JP, JH, JB, and SS were involved in the conceptualization and the design of the study. Qual Life Res. 5251 W Tyson Ave. Tampa, FL 33611. Me-WOW: 3D billboard ad greets busy Jakarta commuters, Palm oil dispute won't have bearing on Indonesia, Malaysia EU trade talks: minister, RI to launch golden visa to attract global talent, Danish woman arrested for pornography in Bali, Solar panels in Karawang brings light to new era of renewable energy in Indonesia, Indonesia to launch 'golden visa' program to attract global talents, PDI-P, potential partners look to grassroots Ganjar supporters, Jokowi calls for healthy competition in elections, national unity, Singapore key partner in building Nusantara: Luhut, El Nino may hammer Asian farms with dry weather. The children played and swum with their playmates. The etymology of Ciliwung is uncertain; the two least implausible assumptions are "the whirlpool" (compare Sundanese liwung "be distressed, upset") or "the meandering one" (compare Malay liuk, liut "to twist"). [12], Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) has a separate Ciliwung Cisadane River Region Center (BBWSCC). [11], In 1681, the Ciliwung flow was diverted toward the east along the Postweg (now Jalan Pos) to reach a new canal known as Gunung Sahari Canal. Read the original article. Because of this sampling approach, it was difficult to count non-responders, as more than one person could have been living in a household. Indeed, it is also difficult to judge if and how the possibility of relocation in the near future may have had an impact on the respondents subjective well-being. The restoration project is divided into four sections with a total length of about 19-km, extending from Manggarai to the Jl. In addition, the findings on endocrine disrupters indicated that the concentration of alkylphenol in water samples was large enough to affect living organisms. [9], In 1740, the canal of Batavia was considered unhealthy because of rubbish and the waste from the Binnen Hospital discharged into the river. These people knew what to do during floods, how to protect their belongings, and how to recover after a flood. Second, the Ciliwung respondents might have been comparing their life situations with those of their nearest neighbors, with similar low levels of income and life conditions, which might have prevented them from becoming envious, whilst the comparison group respondents might have had a broader range of incomes in their neighborhoods. The objective of this study is to assess the heavy metal contamination in the Ciliwung river sediment based on single and combination indices. Chea R, Grenouillet G, Lek S. Evidence of water quality degradation in lower Mekong Basin revealed by self-organizing map. If the city really wants to reduce its contribution to global plastic pollution, then we need to be prepared to reduce plastic pollution during its peaks in rainy seasons. Qual Life Res. Two main races dominate the region namely, the Sundanese (West Java) in southern Ciliwung and Orang Betawi (Jakarta) in northern Ciliwung. Of the ten million people in Jakarta half live on less than $2 US per day, and a large percentage of those people live along the Ciliwung, which is its main problem. Formerly the water branches into two direction in Glodok, following the two course that is now Jalan Pancoran and Jalan Pinangsia Raya; today the water from Batang Hari canal was diverted east before Lindeteves Trade Center. Terms and Conditions, This 2km straight canal is known as Batang Hari canal, previously known as Molenvliet, which was dug in the 17th century. Nat Hazards. Cryptosporidiosis in children less than three years old in Ciliwung Riverside, Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta, Indonesia 2008.
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