[47] Similar practice was followed in other Apollo oracles too. [41], The Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo recalled that the ancient name of this site had been Krisa. The attempt of Emperor Julian to revive polytheism did not survive his reign. [f] She also was respected by the Greek-influenced countries around the periphery of the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt. The site was 're-discovered' with the first modern excavations being carried out in 1880 CE by a team of French archaeologists. The site was first briefly excavated in 1880 by Bernard Haussoullier (1852-1926) on behalf of the French School at Athens, of which he was a sometime member. Even in Roman times, hundreds of votive statues remained, described by Pliny the Younger and seen by Pausanias. [37] Hesiod also refers to Pytho "in the hollows of Parnassus" (Theogony 498). [24], The koilon (cavea) leans against the natural slope of the mountain whereas its eastern part overrides a little torrent that led the water of the fountain Cassotis right underneath the temple of Apollo. Philosophy & Religion [80] He visited Delphi in March 1436 and remained there for six days. Harissis claims that a review of contemporary toxicological literature indicates that oleander causes symptoms similar to those shown by the Pythia, and his study of ancient texts shows that oleander was often included under the term "laurel". $('.chk_timeline_types:checked').each(function(elem) { Location: Ancient Site Delphi Temple of Apollo: According to the Greek mythology, Apollo came to Delphi in the guise of a Dolphin and carried on his back the priests of Crete.Another version is that Apollo walked all the way to Delphi from the northern part and he ultimately stopped at the city of Tempe primarily to collect laurel, which was of great spiritual importance to him. Pottery and bronze as well as tripod dedications continue in a steady stream, in contrast to Olympia. The Tholos is located approximately a half-mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi. The conflict resulted in the consolidation of the Amphictyonic League, which had both a military and a religious function revolving around the protection of the Temple of Apollo. While in a trance the Pythia "raved" probably a form of ecstatic speech and her ravings were "translated" by the priests of the temple into elegant hexameters. The central and most important part of Delphi was the temple of Apollo, . }); This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Search through the entire ancient history timeline. Krisa itself is Middle Helladic. Lining the sacred way, which wound from the sanctuary gate up to the temple of Apollo, the visitor must have been greatly impressed by the artistic and literal wealth on display. [74] Like Krisa, Corinth was a Dorian state, and Gulf of Corinth was a Dorian lake, so to speak, especially since the migration of Dorians into the Peloponnesus starting about 1000 BC. The oracle could not be consulted during the winter months, for this was traditionally the time when Apollo would live among the Hyperboreans. c.580 Oracles & Offerings - Ancient Greek World 04, THE DELPHI MURDERS: The Quest To Find The Man On The Bridge, Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World, Delphi Legacy Projects: Strategies and Survival Guide. Alone in an enclosed inner sanctum (Ancient Greek adyton "do not enter") she sat on a tripod seat over an opening in the earth (the "chasm"). Books He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. In the Odyssey ( 79) Agamemnon crosses a "stone floor" to receive a prophecy from Apollo in Pytho, the first known of proto-history. (ed. 15), but the story probably has some connection with a very wide-spread custom among different races at an early stage of their development. Delphi (/dlfa, dlfi/;[1] Greek: [elfi]),[a] in legend previously called Pytho (), was an ancient sacred precinct and the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The present Temple of Apollo, built in Doric style in the fourth century BC, preserved the . A second temple, again Doric in style, was completed in c. 510 BCE with the help of the exiled Athenian family, the Alcmeonids. . 525 B.C., which was in turn destroyed in 373 B.C. The statues commemorate their feat of pulling their mother's cart several miles to the Sanctuary of Hera in the absence of oxen. Petrides, P., Demou, J., 2011, La redcouverte de Delphes protobyzantine, Pallas 87, pp. In Wheler's "Journey into Greece", published in 1682, a sketch of the region of Delphi appeared, where the settlement of Kastri and some ruins were depicted. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. This led to the Fourth Sacred War (339 BC), which culminated in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) and the establishment of Macedonian rule over Greece. timelineTypesChecked.push(this.value); Their studies were published in 1769 under the title Ionian Antiquities,[81] followed by a collection of inscriptions,[82] and two travel books, one about Asia Minor (1775),[83] and one about Greece (1776). Follow your guide to some of the most prominent edifices on the sacred slopes of Delphi including the temple of Apollo, the ancient theater, the stadium, and the various treasuries that adorn the sacred way. Updated on 06/26/19 The Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Krisa was destroyed for its arrogance. Mythology [ edit] According to mythological legend, Apollo famously killed Python, the dragon that previously guarded the oracle, [5] as the sun rose from the ravines of Delphi. [84] Apart from the antiquities, they also related some vivid descriptions of daily life in Kastri, such as the crude behaviour of the Turco-Albanians who guarded the mountain passes. In 1888 Charles Marie Ren Leconte de Lisle published his lyric drama LApollonide, accompanied by music by Franz Servais. 373 BCE An earthquake destroys the temple of Apollo at Delphi . "Delphi." [35][34] In late, Antiquity workshops of artisans were also created within the agora. Pytho () is related to Pythia, the priestess serving as the oracle, and to Python, a serpent or dragon who lived at the site. [citation needed], Gradually the first travelling guides appeared. Other notable monuments were the great bronze Bull of Corcyra (580 BCE), the ten statues of the kings of Argos (c. 369 BCE), a gold four-horse chariot offered by Rhodes, and a huge bronze statue of the Trojan Horse offered by the Argives (c.413 BCE). License. [26] The theatre was abandoned when the sanctuary declined in Late Antiquity. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. When they entered Hera's temple, they fell into a slumber and never woke, dying at the height of their admiration, the perfect gift. The opportunity to relocate the village occurred when it was substantially damaged by an earthquake, with villagers offered a completely new village in exchange for the old site. Most of the ruins that survive today date from the most intense period of activity at the site in the sixth century BC. During the Great Excavation architectural members from a fifth-century Christian basilica, were discovered that date to when Delphi was a bishopric. [56], In 278 BC, a Thracian (Celtic) tribe raided Delphi, burned the temple, plundered the sanctuary and stole the "unquenchable fire" from the altar. Other identifiable treasuries are those of the Sicyonians, the Boeotians, Massaliots, and the Thebans. They met biannually and came from Thessaly and central Greece. Learn more: https://historicmysteries.com/oracle-of-delphi-pythia/ The temple of Apollo is constructed at Corinth . [65] According to one pair of scholars, "The actual authorship of the three maxims set up on the Delphian temple may be left uncertain. The charioteer has lost many features, including his chariot and his left arm, but he stands as a tribute to athletic art of antiquity.[36]. Volume 57, Number 3, Summer 2014, pp. [91] [57] The same year, the temple was severely damaged by an earthquake, thus it fell into decay and the surrounding area became impoverished. It was restored in 1920. The oracle was also known to the early Romans. ), , , 2013, 173-198, Graves, Robert (1993), "The Greek Myths: Complete Edition" (Penguin, Harmondsworth). function tl_categories_checked() { This was the Omphalos, an egg-shaped stone which was situated in the innermost sanctuary of the temple in historic times. The original name of the sanctuary was Pytho after the snake which Apollo was believed to have killed there. Finance, Administrations, and Realpolitik: The Case of Fourth-Century Delphi. It seems that one of the first buildings of the early modern era was the monastery of the Dormition of Mary or of Panagia (the Mother of God) built above the ancient gymnasium at Delphi. and replaced by a larger structure at ca. It is believed that the ruins of Kirra, now part of the port of Itea, were the port of Krisa of the same name.[13]. Located on Mt. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The design was essentially the same as its predecessor and retained the ratio of 6 x 15 columns. Apollo killed Python, but had to be punished for it, since he was a child of Gaia. [40], One tale of the sanctuary's discovery states that a goatherd, who grazed his flocks on Parnassus, one day observed his goats playing with great agility upon nearing a chasm in the rock; the goatherd noticing this held his head over the chasm causing the fumes to go to his brain; throwing him into a strange trance. The French author relates in a charming style his adventures on the road, praising particularly the ability of an old woman to put back in place the dislocated arm of one of his foreign traveling companions, who had fallen off the horse. Myths indicate that Apollo killed the chthonic serpent Python guarding the Castalian Spring and named his priestess Pythia after her. INFORMATION PHOTOGALLERY The discovery of the entrance of the Apollo temple during the french excavations The temple of Apollo, the most important building in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, dominates the temenos from its central position. [citation needed] Apollo Smintheus (Greek ), the mouse killer [72] who eliminates mice, a primary cause of disease, hence he promotes preventive medicine. Corinth by then was similar to the Ionic states: ornate and innovative, not resembling the spartan style of the Doric. The oracle of Apollo at Delphi was famed throughout the Greek world and even beyond. Access to the theatre was possible through the parodoi, i.e. Parnassus near the Gulf of Corinth, it was home to the famous oracle of Apollo which gave cryptic predictions and guidance to both city-states and individuals. Both Amphissa and Krissa are mentioned in the Iliad's Catalogue of Ships. In Mycenaean times Krissa was a major Greek land and sea power, perhaps one of the first in Greece, if the Early Helladic date of Kirra is to be believed. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Rulers & Politics The Pythia may have chewed oleander leaves and inhaled their smoke prior to her oracular pronouncements and sometimes dying from the toxicity. timelineTypesChecked.push(this.value); A severe earthquake in 1500 caused much damage. Petrides, P., 2005, Un exemple darchitecture civile en Grce: les maisons protobyzantines de Delphes (IVeVIIe s.), Mlanges Jean-Pierre Sodini, Travaux et Mmoires 15, Paris, pp. It is dated to the fifth century BC by the inscription on its cornice. Made entirely of black marble, except for the base and cornice, the altar would have made a striking impression. The Oracle at Delphi (Artist's Impression)Mateusz Przeklasa (Copyright). [57] Excavations have revealed a large three-aisled basilica in the city, as well as traces of a church building in the sanctuary's gymnasium. Control of it was assumed by the Amphictyonic League, an organization of states with an interest in Delphi, in the early Classical period. States & Territories The koilon was divided horizontally in two zones via a corridor called diazoma. This was constructed with poros stone coated in stucco. He probably left a fort to make sure it was not repopulated, however, the fort became the new village. That exhalation could have been high in the known anaesthetic and sweet-smelling ethylene or other hydrocarbons such as ethane known to produce violent trances. We care about our planet! The proscenium was replaced by a low pedestal, the pulpitum; its faade was decorated in relief with scenes from myths about Hercules. The illustrations often reflected the spirit of romanticism, as evident by the works of Otto Magnus von Stackelberg, where, apart from the landscapes (La Grce. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/delphi/. Select: all / none. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. History Ancient Greece and Rome Ancient History, Greece Delphi Delphi views 3,960,953 updated Jun 27 2018 DELPHI DELPHI . Archaeological dates of the valley go back to the Early Helladic. Delphi is an ancient town and seat of the most important Greek temple and oracle of Apollo. In commemoration of this legend, the winners at the Pythian Games received a wreath of laurel picked in the temple. Travelers continued to visit Delphi throughout the nineteenth century and published their books which contained diaries, sketches, and views of the site, as well as pictures of coins. In 449448 BC, the Second Sacred War (fought in the wider context of the First Peloponnesian War between the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta and the Delian-Attic League led by Athens) resulted in the Phocians gaining control of Delphi and the management of the Pythian Games. Several other scholars discuss the likely prehistoric beliefs associated with the site.[d][e]. World History Encyclopedia. During the empire, statues of the emperor and other notable benefactors were erected here as evidenced by the remaining pedestals. The first stone temple there was built in the Archaic Age of Greece and burned in 548 B.C. His identifications, however, were not always correct: for example he described a round building he saw as the temple of Apollo while this was simply the base of the Argives' ex-voto. The temple was a Doric peripteral style temple; a colonnade surrounded the main structure. ", Davies, J. K. (1998). The Amphictyonic Council was a council of representatives from six Greek tribes who controlled Delphi and also the quadrennial Pythian Games. [67] The name Pythia remained as the title of the Delphic oracle. [11] It was a Mycenaean stronghold. Cities & Buildings The last temple was financed by a new fund established by the Amphictyony and built by the architects Spintharos, Xenodoros, and Agathon. Many once believed that the oracle could communicate directly with Apollo, and functioned as a vessel for delivering his prophecies. Delphi inspired literature as well. Killing the serpent that guards the spring. Delphi itself remained almost uninhabited for centuries. Pausanias, Description of Greece, Phocis and Ozolian Locri, Hodge, A. Trevor. He established that the prehistoric foundation of the oracle is described by three early writers: the author of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, Aeschylus in the prologue to the Eumenides, and Euripides in a chorus in the Iphigeneia in Tauris. Petrides, P., 1997, Delphes dans lAntiquit tardive: premire approche topographique et cramologique, BCH 121, pp. The pass is of the river Pleistos, running from east to west, forming a natural boundary across the north of the Desfina Peninsula, and providing an easy route across it. and was renamed the Temple of Alcmeonidae in tribute to the noble Athenian family that financed the reconstruction. Civilization & Science Migration & Trade by the two legendary architects Trophonios and Agamedes. This shrine was destroyed by fire in 548 BC and then fell under the control of the Alcmaeonids who were banned from Athens. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. He described the stadium and the theatre at that date as well as some freestanding pieces of sculpture. Konstaninou, Ioanna "Delphi: the Oracle and its Role in the Political and Social Life of the Ancient Greeks" (Hannibal Publishing House, Athens), Petrides, P., 1997, Delphes dans lAntiquit tardive: premire approche topographique et cramologique, BCH 121, 681-695, Petrides, P., 2003, teliers de potiers protobyzantins Delphes, in . (ed. [15] It is only then, in the beginning of the sixth century, that the city seems to decline: its size is reduced and its trade contacts seem to be drastically diminished. [8] "Python" is derived from the verb (pyth),[9] "to rot".[10]. ), 7 , 11-16 1999, , , pp. In. Related Content From the sixteenth century onward, woodcuts of Delphi began to appear in printed maps and books. ), , , 2013, 147-154, , .-., , ., , in , . The temple burned down and was rebuilt in the 6th century B.C.E. History [ edit] The Sphinx of the Naxians (560 BCE) was located next to the Temple of Apollo. Destroyed again in the 4th century B.C., this time by an earthquake, the temple was rebuilt for . Peripteral Doric temple, 6 x 15 columns, with cella opening east onto a pronaos, also having an opisthodomos, both porches distyle in antis. "In Arachova the Greek type is preserved intact. The first temple in honour of Apollo is built at Delphi . [45] Another legend held that Apollo walked to Delphi from the north and stopped at Tempe, a city in Thessaly, to pick laurel (also known as bay tree) which he considered to be a sacred plant. Civilization & Science Its northern side rested on the bedrock and its southern side on a platform built to support the temple. Notable finds were splendid metope sculptures from the treasury of the Athenians (c. 490 BCE) and the Siphnians (c. 525 BCE) depicting scenes from Greek mythology. Because the founding of the city was for the Greeks, as it had been for earlier cultures, primarily a religious act, Delphi naturally assumed charge of the new foundations; and especially in the early period of colonization, the Pythian Apollo gave specific advice that dispatched new colonies in every direction, under the aegis of Apollo. The whole process was a lengthy one, usually taking up a whole day and only carried out on specific days of the year. Built on the same location as an earlier Temples of Apollo. Influential personalities such as F.Ch.-H.-L. Pouqueville, W.M. The decree by Theodosius in 393 CE to close all pagan sanctuaries resulted in Delphi's gradual decline. One of the largest of the treasuries was that of Argos. $('.chk_timeline_types').change(function() { Delphi would have been a renowned city regardless of whether it hosted these games; it had other attractions that led to it being labeled the "omphalos" (navel) of the earth, in other words, the centre of the world. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [citation needed], The anti-pagan legislation of the late Roman Imperial era deprived ancient sanctuaries of their assets. De Agostini / G. Dagli Orti / Getty Images Temple of Apollo Address Delphi 330 54, Greece Web Visit website The Temple of Apollo at Delphi is worth a special trip. In 1893, the French Archaeological School removed vast quantities of soil from numerous landslides to reveal both the major buildings and structures of the sanctuary of Apollo and of the temple to Athena, the Athena Pronoia along with thousands of objects, inscriptions, and sculptures.[14]. To the southeast of the precinct of Apollo lay the so-called Southeastern Mansion, a building with a 65-meter-long faade, spread over four levels, with four triclinia and private baths. Delphi (Delf), lying on the slopes of Mount Parnassus high above the Gulf of Corinth, is one of the most famous historic sites in Greece, known throughout the ancient Greek world and beyond as the sanctuary of Apollo and the shrine of his oracle. It is now an extensive archaeological site, and since 1938 a part of Parnassos National Park. The Remains of the Apollo Temple. [77][78], In the inner hestia (hearth) of the Temple of Apollo, an eternal flame burned. $('#timeline_types_input').attr('value',timelineTypesChecked.join(',')); We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The slaying of the serpent is the act of conquest which secures his possession; not as in the Homeric Hymn, a merely secondary work of improvement on the site. Keeping a calendar for its functioning was extremely important. The Little Book Of Delphi Programming: Learn To Program with Object Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The temple of Apollo was first built around the 7th c. B.C. The Cretans do not dare to remove him but sail on. A 7th century B.C. The last major remodelling took place in the second centuryAD under the patronage of Herodes Atticus when the stone seating was built and an (arched) entrance created. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. This temple was destroyed by earthquake in 373 BCE and was replaced by a similarly proportioned temple in 330 BCE. and replaced by a larger structure at ca. George Cram Cook Related Places: Greece ancient Greece See all related content Delphi Delphi, ancient town and seat of the most important Greek temple and oracle of Apollo. Next an animal - usually a goat - was sacrificed. Apollo enters his shrine with the Cretans to be its priests, worshipping him as Delphineus, "of the dolphin". The Temple of Apollo, Delphi, was the seat of the Pythia, who gave prophecies for a fee. However, the Lydians were routed at Sardis and it was the Lydian empire which fell, a lesson that the oracle could easily be misinterpreted by the unwise or over-confident. The poet Pindar celebrated the Alcmaeonids' temple in Pythian 7.8-9 and he also provided details of the third building (Paean 8. The mansion dates to the beginning of the fifth century and functioned as a private house until 580, later however it was transformed into a potter workshop. Delphi was also considered the centre of the world, for in Greek mythology Zeus released two eagles, one to the east and another to the west, and Delphi was the point at which they met after encircling the world. Peripteral temple; in the center of the Sanctuary of Apollo. $('.chk_timeline_types:checked').each(function(elem) { Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords you are looking for. It also served as an assembly area for processions during sacred festivals.[35][34]. Delphi ( / dlfa, dlfi /; [1] Greek: [elfi] ), [a] in legend previously called Pytho (), was a ancient sacred precinct and the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The lower zone had 27 rows of seats and the upper one only eight. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The foundations of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi remain standing today. Notable amongst these mini-temples are the Athenian Treasury and the Siphnian Treasury. [77] These games, however, were different from the games at Olympia in that they were not of such vast importance to the city of Delphi as the games at Olympia were to the area surrounding Olympia. c. 550 BCE. Such was its prestige that most Hellenes after 500BCE placed its foundation in the earliest days of the world: before Apollo took possession, they said, Ge (Earth) (, The earth is the abode of the dead, therefore the earth-deity has power over the ghostly world: the shapes of. From the entrance of the upper site, continuing up the slope on the Sacred Way almost to the Temple of Apollo, are a large number of votive statues, and numerous so-called treasuries. Kastri ("fort") had been there since the destruction of the place by Theodosius I in 390. It has been speculated that the ancient writers, including Plutarch who had worked as a priest at Delphi, were correct in attributing the oracular effects to the sweet-smelling pneuma (Ancient Greek for breath, wind, or vapor) escaping from the chasm in the rock. c. 330 BCE The third temple to Apollo is constructed at Delphi, replacing the earlier temple damaged by earthquake . Chandler, R, Revett, N., Pars, W., Travels in Greece, Oxford, 1776. persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Learn how and when to remove this template message, " : - - : ", "Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: de Architectura, Book VII", "Oracular Functioning And Architecture of Five Ancient Apollo Temples Through Archaeoastronomy: Novel Approach And Interpretation", "The Delphic Oracle: A Multidisciplinary Defense of the Gaseous Vent Theory", "Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors", 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<651:AFADGS>2.0.CO;2, "Scent of a myth: tectonics, geochemistry and geomythology at Delphi (Greece)", "A Bittersweet Story: The True Nature of the Laurel of the Oracle of Delphi", "Nikolaos Sophianos's Totius Graeciae Descriptio: The Resources, Diffusion and Function of a SixteenthCentury Antiquarian Map of Greece", "Lecture on Seferis at the Hellenic Culture Foundation". or. It took four years to build and was financed by all the Greek city-states. From Athens: Full-Day Guided Tour to Delphi. Ancient tradition accounted for four temples that successively occupied the site before the 548/7BC fire, following which the Alcmaeonids built a fifth. These references imply that the earliest date of the oracle's existence is the eighth century BC, the probable date of composition of the Homeric works. More recent French authors used Delphi as a source of inspiration such as Yves Bonnefoy (Delphes du second jour) or Jean Sullivan (nickname of Joseph Lemarchand) in L'Obsession de Delphes (1967), but also Rob MacGregor's Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi (1991). The site was sacked by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 86 BC, during the Mithridatic Wars, and by Nero in 66 AD. Dionysus would inhabit the temple during his absence. [36] Kleobis and Biton, two brothers renowned for their strength, are modeled in two of the earliest known athletic statues at Delphi. The party seeking advice would then offer a pelanos - a sort of pie - before being allowed into the inner temple where the priestess resided and gave her pronouncements, possibly in a drug or natural gas-induced state of ecstasy. Last modified February 22, 2013. Located about 11 miles south of the ancient port city of Miletus on the western coast of modern-day Turkey, the Temple of Apollo at Didyma or Didymaion was the fourth largest temple in the ancient Greek world. The sacred precinct occupies a delineated region on the south-western slope of Mount Parnassus. World History Encyclopedia. 510 BCE) on a terrace retained on its south side by . The first temple in the area was built in the 7th century BCE and was itself a replacement for less substantial buildings of worship which had stood before it. The two Delphis, old and new, are located on Greek National Road 48 between Amfissa in the west and Livadeia, capital of Voiotia, in the east. Its 35 rows can accommodate around five thousand spectators who in ancient times enjoyed plays, poetry readings, and musical events during the various festivals that took place periodically at Delphi. The presence of Delphi in Greek literature is very intense. The revolutionary "pocket" books invented by Karl Baedeker, accompanied by maps useful for visiting archaeological sites such as Delphi (1894) and the informed plans, the guides became practical and popular. (ed. [c] Apollo travels about after his birth on Delos seeking a place for an oracle. ), 7 , 11-16 1999, , , 443-446, Petrides, P., 2005, Un exemple darchitecture civile en Grce: les maisons protobyzantines de Delphes (IVeVIIe s.), Mlanges Jean-Pierre Sodini, Travaux et Mmoires 15, Paris, pp. Even now many savage tribes, both in Africa and America, go through some form of . "Delphi and Phokis: A Network Theory Approach", "Fables, Riddles, and Mysteries of Delphi", Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delphi&oldid=1155035651, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles needing additional references from December 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Top of a scarp 500 metres (1,600ft) maximum off the valley floor, Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (2018) "Ancient Evil", Castro Belen, Liritzis Ioannis and Nyquist Anne (2015) Oracular Functioning And Architecture of Five Ancient Apollo Temples Through Archaeastronomy: Novel Approach And Interpretation Nexus Network Journal, Architecture & Mathematics, 18(2), 373-395 (DOI:10.1007/s00004-015-0276-2), Spiller, Henry A., John R. Hale, and Jelle Z. de Boer.