Janzen, G. (2013). 23 Ibid, at 119. Alternate possibilities (or at least an alternate possibility) are therefore necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility (as we have seen), but acknowledging this is not the same as saying that it is necessary that S could have done otherwise on a given occasion (as is required by the original PAP). Connect to ambivalence. Such a limitation would have the drawback of making impossible also the development of nuclear power for peacetime purposes. But the ontological argument starts, not with what we observe, but with the very idea of God and says that this idea entails that . Many upcoming theories claim that in addition to knowing the current state of the agent/choice, we also need to know the way that her current state came about. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(2), 440446. We can allow that clauses (a) and (b) are violated because such violation does not negate the possibility that Jones is nevertheless morally responsible for his action: for some other condition (as yet to be identified) could exist that is sufficient to justify the claim that Jones is morally responsible, even though he could not have done other than he did. What I have argued is that there is nothing to be gained, in terms of moral instruction, by insisting on PAP as a necessary condition for moral accountability. Which of these characteristics of world war I is illustrated by this central message? What is collective representation? "For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences.". Furthermore one may suggest that other nations are now, or will soon be, not entirely unaware of our present achievements, and that consequently the postponement of a demonstration may serve no useful purpose as far as the avoidance of an armaments race is concerned, and may only create additional mistrust, thus worsening rather than improving the chances of an ultimate accord on the international control of nuclear explosives. But E differs across the scenarios themselves: for it just so happens that S engages in an immoral act in (1) but a moral act in (2). Therefore, in making suggestions for the postwar organization of nucleonics, a discussion of political problems cannot be avoided. However, unspoken among the delegates was the knowledge that George Washington would become the first president , and they trusted him to define the office. Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleartechnology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy."James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United Statesgovernment, 194518) Which of the following developments during the Second World War Garry Young. esponsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimesand in 2006 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1674, which commits the Council to protect civilians during armed conflicts. But if you look at their . The superego operates both unconsciously and . The Founders resolved the tension . The achievement of such an agreement will thus essentially depend on the integrity of intentions and readiness to sacrifice the necessary fraction of one's own sovereignty, by all the parties to the agreement. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have. Zagzebski, L. (2000). In this way, other nations may assume a share of responsibility for such a fateful decision. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? What is the point of the cult-man objection? It may be very difficult to persuade the world that a nation which was capable of secretly preparing and suddenly releasing a new weapon, as indiscriminately as the rocket bomb and a thousand times more destructive, is to be trusted in its proclaimed desire of having such weapons abolished by international agreement. A Princeton University senior sounded off on "The Ingraham Angle" in response to his op-ed in . Accumulations of this kind could be rapidly converted into atomic bombs if a nation should break away from international control. in 1952 and an LL.B. the leaders of organizations within the Executive Office of the President. In his original article, Frankfurt suggests that a twitch might be used to indicate that Jones is about to decide to do A (as opposed to no twitch for B). In 1923, the Journal was incorporated in the State of New York under its present name. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. answer choices. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. At present, it may be that atomic bombs can be detonated with an effect equal to that of 20,000 tons of TNT. Just because a potential enemy will be afraid of being "outnumbered and outgunned," the temptation for him may be overwhelming to attempt a sudden unprovoked blow -- particularly if he should suspect us of harboring aggressive intentions against his security or his sphere of influence. The principle of alternate possibilities and ought implies can.. is a place where people live, work, and spend their time. Since its founding it has been published fromColumbia University. As such, S fails to satisfy both PAP(s) and the twin world condition, and should not therefore be held to account, morally. votes that a representative takes based on a consensus of his or her constituents - 103.138.151.18. But in each scenario, S is also morally responsible for E in W1 in virtue of the fact that Ss action in W1 is congruent with Ss action in W2 (it is congruent with what S would have done in a world with alternate possibilities). This protection can come only from the political organization of the world. In the absence of an international authority which would make all resort to force in international conflicts impossible, nations could still be diverted from a path which must lead to total mutual destruction, by a specific international agreement barring a nuclear armaments race. Harry Frankfurt describes the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) as follows: A person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (Frankfurt 1969, p.829; emphasis added). By Charles Yu. They observed that a radioactive atom releases a huge burst of energy when it is split. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. It was also a ploy, another deliberate affront to bourgeois sensibility which demanded art with meaning or that had some purpose such as to instruct, or delight, or to . In stating that S could have done otherwise, I am endorsing the view (much as I take Frankfurt to have done when formulating PAP) that: It is possible for S to do otherwise insofar as S is both physically and mentally capable of doing otherwise (including being aware of alternate possibilities that he/she (hereafter he) is able to select/perform). The first and perhaps the simplest way is to ration the raw materialsprimarily, the uranium ores. His dreams of a certain amount of land for each person have been realized to a point in American suburbs, but many of these bedroom communities lack the amenities on which Wright would have insisted. Harry Frankfurt's description of the distinctly human quality of forming desires about their desires, opinions about their opinions. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, 13. The Role of History in Franck's Fairness931 20 Ibid, at 86. Believing that this separation would solve both pedestrian safety and automobile traffic concerns, Le Corbusier states that [t]he only solution is to restore to the pedestrian the surface of the city, all the surface, the earth. Believing that the society of his day was not properly utilizing the machines which they had created, and that the current cities were all outdated, the core of Le Corbusiers ideas for Ville Radieuse is epitomized in the description, knowledge, ethics, and esthetics, all are one, expressed in architecture; a new unity.. On the other hand, it may be argued that without an early demonstration it may prove difficult to obtain adequate support for further intensive development of nucleonics in this country and that thus the time gained by the postponement of an open armaments race will not be properly used. What if cult-man is brainwashed? They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first demonstration, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. The attitude of American public opinion, mentioned earlier, in the matter of the use of poison gas against Japan, shows that one can expect the American public to understand that it is sometimes desirable to keep a weapon in readiness for use only in extreme emergency; and as soon as the potentialities of nuclear weapons are revealed to the American people, one can be sure that they will support all attempts to make the use of such weapons impossible. We feel compelled to take a more active stand now because the success which we have achieved in the development of nuclear power is fraught with infinitely greater dangers than were all the inventions of the past. positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common. To illustrate: In twin world scenarios, all must be equal apart from the one thing that distinguishes each world from the other which, in this case, is the presence or absence of alternate possibilities. PAP(s) and the twin world condition are therefore both sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones or S or whoever, but PAP(s) is not necessary because moral responsibility could still be attributed to the subject where PAP(s) fails to be satisfied but (and therefore because) the twin world condition is satisfied. When discussing alternate possibilities, then, the notion of alternate possibilities should be understood to mean that there is at least one alternate possibility that is considered morally praiseworthy, or at the very least not immoral. I therefore seek to distinguish between alternative possibilities in the form of the alleged necessity of being able to do otherwise on a given occasion, which S cannot satisfy in Frankfurt-style scenarios, and which I do not consider to be necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility (although, to reiterate, I accept it is sufficient), and the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition. Therefore, only lacks of mutual trust, and not lack of desire for agreement, can stand in the path of an efficient agreement for the prevention of nuclear warfare. The essays were aimed at convincing opponents of the US Constitution to ratify it so that it . However, even though these countries may value human life less than the peoples of Western Europe and America, and even though Russia, in particular, has an immense space over which its vital industries could be dispersed and a government which can order this dispersion the day it is convinced that such a measure is necessary -- there is no doubt that Russia, too, will shudder at the possibility of a sudden, disintegration of Moscow and Leningrad, almost miraculously preserved in the present war, and of its new industrial cities in the Urals and Siberia. Guest Review of Taipei, by Tao Lin. Libertarian freedom and the principle of alternative possibilities. Pereboom on the Frankfurt cases. c) A nation able to assign 10 tons of atomic explosives for a sneak attack on this country, can then hope to achieve the destruction of all industry and most of the population in an area from 500 square miles upwards. - my will is free if it conforms with my second order desires (my will is my own). b) Thus, if the prospects of an agreement will be considered poor in the immediate future, the pros and cons of an early revelation of our possession of nuclear weapons to the world -- not only by their actual use against Japan, but also by a prearranged demonstration -- must be carefully weighed by the supreme political and military leadership of the country, and the decisions should not be left to the considerations of military tactics alone. Perebooms Frankfurt case and derivative culpability. 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Another argument which could be quoted in favor of using atomic bombs as soon as they are available is that so much taxpayers' money has been invested in these Projects that the Congress and the American public will demand a return for their money. England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. Palmer, D. (2011). B Never mentioning Le Corbusier by name, Wright nonetheless references his contemporarys argument by using Le Corbusiers terms and ideas directly and responding (unfavorably) to them, but The Times introduction makes the connection to the earlier article by Le Corbusier perfectly clear, describing Wrights ideas as diametrically opposed to Le Corbusiers. Instead, the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition is more subjunctive, insofar as what is described is a possibility rather than an actuality. The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Csar Franck was born in Belgium but established his career as a composer, organist, and influential teacher in France, most prestigiously at the Paris Conservatoire and at the church of Sainte-Clotilde. Thus, we cannot hope to avoid a nuclear armament race either by keeping secret from the competing nations the basic scientific facts of nuclear power or by cornering the raw materials required for such a race. Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, killing nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs. It is typeset bySheridan Journal Services, Waterbury, VT, and printed byThe Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. Moreover, with the addition of the twin word condition, which I have argued is likewise sufficient for an ascription of moral responsibility, we are able to account for why Jones should be held morally accountable. Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). All external conditions required to enable alternate possibilities are satisfied. 22 Ibid, at 124, 126-127. volume44,pages 961969 (2016)Cite this article. The certainty that German scientists were working on this weapon and that their government would certainly have no scruples against using it when available, was the main motivation of the initiative which American scientists took in urging the development of nuclear power for military purposes on a large scale in this country. Jefferson's key arguments for independence consisted primarily of the Crown's imposition of taxes and trade restrictions onto the Colonies, but was quite clear about the issue not being the severity of the offense but much more in that the Crown had overstepped lines of mutual respect and consent, ie "No Taxation Without Representation." most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? Putting all of this together, we can now see how each sufficient condition contains a different form of, and therefore a different role for, alternate possibilities. 1969 Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Germany, he argued, bore the main share of responsibility for the outbreak of the war. Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). While weve yet to see cars hurtling by unimpeded 16 feet above ground as Le Corbusier wished, various methods of separating cars from pedestrians have been attempted in cities around the world. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. At present, one could easily select in this country a hundred areas of five square miles each whose simultaneous destruction would be a staggering blow to the nation. Professor Franck From this point of view, a demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all the United Nations, on the desert or a barren island. We felt, however, that the dilemma had to be stated, to show what kind of alternative method of protection will have to be considered if no successful international agreement is reached. If the United States were to be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race for armaments and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future control of such weapons. As Engels points out, the ten-point program outlined here is very conservative and preliminary, and would have been much more developed had the Manifesto been written later. It is not necessary because, where alternate possibilities are not available (as in, a Frankfurt-style scenario akin to W1), and therefore S could not have done otherwise on a given occasion, one can still ascribe moral responsibility through an enforcement of the twin world condition. Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. One thing is clear: any international agreement on prevention of nuclear armaments must be backed by actual and efficient controls. Therefore, an international agreement is necessary to ensure that nuclear weapons are only used for deterrence purposes and never deployed in a conflict. After this, it might take other nations three or four years to overcome our present head start, and eight or ten years to draw even with us if we continue to do intensive work in this field. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleonics may become a boon for the peacetime development of national economy. In 2005, world leaders formally adopted the Responsibility to Protect [R2P]the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfill their r Agency without avoidability: defusing a new threat to Frankfurts counterexample strategy. One possible way to introduce nuclear weapons to the world -- which may particularly appeal to those who consider nuclear bombs primarily as a secret weapon developed to help with the present war -- is to use them without warning on appropriately selected objects in Japan. We now consider the second of the two suggestions made at the beginning of this section, and ask whether we could not feel ourselves safe in a race of nuclear armaments by virtue of our greater industrial potential, including greater diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, greater volume and efficiency of our skilled labor drops, and greater experience of our management -- all the factors whose importance has been so strikingly demonstrated in the conversion of this country into an arsenal of the Allied Nations in the present war. Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. FF: brainwasher AND cultman are both FULLY responsible, Why is whole-heartedness problematic for our intuitions about FW. If this race is inevitable, we have every reason to delay its beginning as long as possible in order to increase our head start still further. I argue that PAP does not need to be endorsed as a necessary condition for moral responsibility and, in fact, presenting PAP as a sufficient condition maintains its usefulness as a maxim for moral accountability whilst avoiding . Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. Does libertarian freedom require alternate possibilities? Russia, and even allied countries which bear less mistrust of our ways and intentions, as well as neutral countries may be deeply shocked by this step. in 1953. There is, however, a subtle but important distinction between PAP in its original formulation as a necessary condition and the manner in which the notion of alternate possibilities is presented within the twin world condition. Since the area of the United States is about three million square miles, it should be possible to scatter its industrial and human resources in such a way as to leave no 500 square miles important enough to serve as a target for nuclear attack. Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. His music was heavily influenced by Liszt and Wagner, as in his Symphony in D minor, one of his most famous . The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on Ones Own, Individually Sufficient and Disjunctively Necessary Conditions for Moral Responsibility, The Robustness Requirement on Alternative Possibilities, Problems with Rowlands Practical Conciliationism, How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility, In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfits Conciliatory Project, Being and holding responsible: Reconciling the disputants through a meaning-based Strawsonian account, Lueck, Bryan: Obligation and the fact of sense, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019, ISBN: 978 1 4744 4272 5. Frankfurt, H. (1969). Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. In the past, science has often been able to provide also new methods of protection against new weapons of aggression it made possible, but it cannot promise such efficient protection against the destructive use of nuclear power. (1954) and S.J.d. It must be pointed out that in this field we are in a less favorable position than nations which are now more diffusely populated and either whose industries are more scattered, or whose governments have unlimited power over the movement of population and the location of industrial plants. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(3), 551565. In J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. Irrespective of which world one is referring to, then, S should be morally condemned for performing E in (1) but morally praised for the action carried out in (2). In J. Jordan, & D. Howard-Snyder (Eds. What is Frankfurt's view on this? Analysis, 61(4), 335340. June 14, 2022 . He received his LL.M. answer choices. Third parties shift voters' attention away from major-party candidates. Jones is therefore morally responsible for his action (even in a world corresponding to W1) in virtue of doing what he would have done in a world where alternate possibilities exist (namely, W2). Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users. (Frankfurt 1969, p.835)Footnote 1. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. An agent is morally responsible for performing a given act A only if he or she could have done otherwise. By making PAP sufficient rather than necessary for moral responsibility, it is still the case that anyone who satisfies (a) and (b) is held to account, morally. We have invented the machine and it should be liberating our minds and our leisure hours.
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