During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful, while a burgeoning middle class became visible as the "economic miracle" progressed. After a recession, growth took off from 1959, creating an economic boom that lasted until 1974, and became known as the "Spanish miracle". [42], On 5 February 1932, Franco was given a command in A Corua. Francisco Franco El fracaso de la tentativa golpista en la capital y en buena parte del territorio nacional dio lugar a la Guerra Civil espaola, que durara tres aos (1936-1939) y llevara a Franco al poder. The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. His remains are being transferred to the crypt in . Francisco Franco y Bahamonde (Spanish pronunciation: [fanisko fako i a(a)monde]; 4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as the dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. The Franco family millions . By the start of the 1950s Franco's state had become less violent, but during his entire rule, non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from communist and anarchist organisations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled with all means, up to and including violent police repression. [229], Following Franco's funeral, his widow Carmen Polo supervised the moving of crates of jewely, antiques, artworks, and Franco's papers to the family's various estates in Spain or to safe havens in foreign countries. From 24 July a coordinating junta, the National Defence Junta, was established, based at Burgos. It was elected in accordance with corporatist principles, and had little real power. His appeal was refused, and he was removed from the general staff and sent to an obscure command in the Canary Islands. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. [92], On 26 July, just eight days after the revolt had started, foreign allies of the Republican government convened an international communist conference at Prague to arrange plans to help the Popular Front forces in Spain. During the Civil War and in the aftermath, a period known as the White Terror took place. Following the Second World War, the government enacted the "Spanish Bill of Rights" (Fuero de los Espaoles), which extended the right to private worship of non-Catholic religions, including Judaism, though it did not permit the erection of religious buildings for this practice and did not allow non-Catholic public ceremonies. Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. [citation needed]. [26] The wound was serious, and he was not expected to live. [188] The overthrow of Catholicism as the explicit state religion of Spain and the establishment of state-sponsored religious pluralism would be realized in Spain in 1978, with the new Constitution of Spain, three years after Franco's death. After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the leaders of the new Spanish Republic undertook a major and much-needed military reform, and Francos career was temporarily halted. While the Republican forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Catholic Spain" against "atheist communism".[142][143]. [101] Kennan alleges that once Stalin had decided to assist the Spanish Republicans, the operation was put in place with remarkable speed and energy. Other historians argue that Franco, as the leader of a destroyed and bankrupt country in chaos following a brutal three-year civil war, simply had little to offer the Axis and that the Spanish armed forces were not ready for a major war. This changed in 1942, when Franco convened a parliament known as the Cortes Espaolas. Franco and Lpez Ochoa (who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, had been seen as a left-leaning officer)[56] emerged as officers prepared to use "troops against Spanish civilians as if they were a foreign enemy". This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived Republic of the Rif. Subsequently, Alcal-Zamora vetoed the logical replacement, a majority center-right coalition, led by the CEDA, which would reflect the composition of the parliament. [253], In 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, an MEP of the clerical-nationalist League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that the Spanish leader "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".[254]. Franco led the Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War, and was aided by Hitler and Mussolini. [46] In June 1933 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis (Our Dearly Beloved), "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", in which he criticised the anti-clericalism of the Republican government. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to force a negotiation on the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, and closed its border with that territory in 1969. Mussolini had founded the Fascist Party in the year of 1919. When the Nationalist advance came to a halt on the outskirts of the city, the military leaders, in preparation of what they believed was the final assault that would deliver Madrid and the country into their hands, decided to choose a commander in chief, or generalissimo, who would also head the rebel Nationalist government in opposition to the republic. Franco avoided involvement in Jos Sanjurjo's attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. In 1941 the prison population of Spain was 233,000, mostly political prisoners. . Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. [115] After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled on a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. The English version of General Francisco Franco's Masoneria. He became head of the rebel Nationalist government on October 1 but did not gain complete control of the country for more than three years. Franco would have a close relationship with his daughter and was a proud parent, though his traditionalist attitudes and increasing responsibilities meant he left much of the child-rearing to his wife. The resolution also urged that historians (professional and amateur) be given access to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the private Francisco Franco National Foundation (FNFF) which, along with other Francoist archives, remain inaccessible to the public as of 2006. For unofficial use, citizens continued to speak these languages. As he points out, Franco was extremely close to Mussolini and Adolf Hitler - who both provided critical aid to his forces during the Spanish Civil War - and was "so much part of what will become the Axis", although ultimately wouldn't . Indeed, Los Blancos are often depicted as being the favoured team of General Francisco Franco - the dictator who ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death in 1975 - and his regime. del E. Nm. Franco placed no obstacles to Britain's construction of a large air base extending from Gibraltar into Spanish territorial waters, and welcomed the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. [160] (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader said that he would rather have some of his own teeth pulled out than to have to personally deal further with Franco). In July 1936 Franco led a military rising against the Spanish republic, and by the end of the ensuing Civil War he had established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975. Spaniards who suffered under Franco's rule have sought to remove memorials of his regime. Franco left the throne vacant, proclaiming himself as a de facto regent for life. Spain was then admitted to the United Nations in 1955. As a conservative and a monarchist, he opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. The coup had failed in the attempt to bring a swift victory, but the Spanish Civil War had begun. Francisco followed his father into the Navy, but as a result of the SpanishAmerican War the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Citizenship: Mexico mx. Initially reluctant, he joined the July 1936 military coup, which, after failing to take Spain, sparked the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco was the Spanish military general who led the revolution against the left wing government during the Spanish Civil War. From the mid-1950s there was a slow but steady acceleration in economic activity, but the relative lack of growth (compared to the rest of Western Europe) eventually forced the Franco regime to allow the introduction of liberal economic policies in the late 1950s. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. Franco placed the Carlist Manuel Fal Cond under house arrest and imprisoned hundreds of old Falangists, the so-called "old shirts" (camisas viejas), including the party leader Manuel Hedilla,[141] to help secure his political future. It has also been suggested that Franco decided not to join the war after the resources he requested from Hitler in October 1940 were not forthcoming.[162]. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [14], After relocating to Galicia, the Franco family was involved in the Spanish Navy, and over the span of two centuries produced naval officers for six uninterrupted generations (including several admirals),[15] down to Franco's father Nicols Franco Salgado-Arajo[es] (22 November 1855 22 February 1942). By the time of Franco's death in 1975, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe but the gap between its per capita GDP and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly, and the country had developed a large industrialised economy. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV) of fully motorised units (some 12,000 Italians), to Seville, and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. [161], Some historians argue that Franco made demands he knew Hitler would not accede to, in order to stay out of the war. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo. The town of Trujillo was in the Extremadura region of Spain, the same place where famed explorer Hernando de Soto was from. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it. The process of integrating the country into the world economy was further facilitated by the reforms of the 1959 Stabilization and Liberalization Plan.[217][218]. The prime minister wrote in his diary that it was probably more prudent to have Franco away from Madrid. [238] On 24 October 2019 his remains were moved to his wife's mausoleum which is located in the Mingorrubio Cemetery, and buried in a private ceremony. his wife bought up properties in the choicest areas of Madrid, with the goal of giving one to each of her grandchildren as presents. Franco personally guided military operations from this time until the end of the war. Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to France. Franco recovered and on 2 September he resumed his duties as head of state. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado, "Aportaremos trozos de verdad a un 'puzzle' que resolver Garzn", Cit nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, "A Wolfram in Sheep's Clothing: Economic Warfare in Spain and Portugal, 19401944", "Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940", "Franco, Hitler & the play for Gibraltar: how the Spanish held firm on the Rock", "WWII document reveals: General Franco handed Nazis list of Spanish Jews", "Nazis, Real and Imagined, in Post-Second-World-War Spain", "The Angel Of Cairo: How A Spaniard Saved Egypt's Jews", "This Day in Jewish History 1968: Spain Revokes the Expulsion of the Jews", "Cronologa general de la Guerra Civil Espaola (19361939)", "The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest", "El franquismo y los imaginarios mticos del fascismo europeo de entreguerras", "La naturaleza del franquismo: un acercamiento desde la perspectiva comparada de los fascismos europeos", "Gazeta histrica: Referencia: Pginas TIFF", "4862 17 julio 1954 B.O. Reputed to be scrupulously honest, introverted, and a man of comparatively few intimate friends, he was known to shun all frivolous amusements. Francisco Franco was the leader of Spain between 1939 and 1975. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. Until his death in November 1975, Franco ruled Spain as "Caudillo by the grace of God," as his coins proclaimed. [178][179][pageneeded][180][181], After the war, Franco did not recognize Israeli statehood and maintained strong relations with the Arab world. During crucial campaigns against the Moroccan rebels, the legion played a decisive role in bringing the revolt to an end. This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. [189][190] Already proclaimed Generalsimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936,[113] he thereafter assumed the official title of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). He also held a tense meeting with Primo de Rivera in July 1924. [23][24] Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. The government gave Franco's family a 15-day deadline to decide Franco's final resting place, or else a "dignified place" would be chosen by the government. The designated leader of the uprising, General Jos Sanjurjo, died on 20 July 1936 in a plane crash. He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Nazi Germany and. During the war, he commanded Spain's African colonial army and later, following the deaths of much of the rebel leadership, became his faction's only leader, being appointed Generalissimo and head of state in 1936. To his father's chagrin, Francisco decided to try the Spanish Army. Sepultura: Cementerio de Mingorrubio, Madrid, Espaa. [49] The Catalan Bloc Obrer i Camperol (BOC) advocated the need to form a broad workers' front, and took the lead in forming a new and more encompassing Alianza Obrera, which included the Catalan UGT and the Catalan sector of the PSOE, with the goal of defeating fascism and advancing the socialist revolution. [251], Franco served as a role model for several anti-communist dictators in South America. [75] Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by General Mola was taking shape. Updates? Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo Poyato stated that having Franco buried at the monument "shows a lack of respect for the victims buried there". [237], On 24 September 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that the exhumation could proceed, and the Snchez government announced that it would move Franco's remains to the Mingorrubio cemetery as soon as possible. [62] Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935, on, Chief of the General Staff. He then arbitrarily appointed an interim prime minister and after a short period announced the dissolution of parliament and new elections. He was also referred to in state and official documents as "Caudillo de Espaa" ("the Leader of Spain"), and sometimes called "el Caudillo de la ltima Cruzada y de la Hispanidad" ("the Leader of the Last Crusade and of the Hispanic heritage") and "el Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberacin contra el Comunismo y sus Cmplices" ("the Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Accomplices"). Divorce was forbidden, along with contraceptives, and abortion. Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. He sought to restore Spain to its former glory, and to rid Spain of the political and social chaos that had been caused by the civil war. Franco and Serrano Suer held a meeting with Mussolini and Ciano in Bordighera, Italy on 12 February 1941. Nevertheless, he remained in power as the head of state and as commander-in-chief. The rebel government did not, however, gain complete control of the country for more than three years. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [123], The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:[124] the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions. [241], In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. [257] In March 2006, the Permanent Commission of the Parliamentary Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution "firmly" condemning the "multiple and serious violations" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975. Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; when the Civil War began, the colonels, majors, and captains of the Spanish Army who had attended the academy when he was its director displayed unconditional loyalty to him as Caudillo. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. El Generalsimo - Spanish Dictatorship Song Isidore 2.46K subscribers Subscribe 9.3K 521K views 2 years ago Francisco Franco Bahamonde ruled Spain as dictator from 1939-1975 following the. When he died in 1975, the major parties of the left and the right in Spain agreed to follow the Pact of Forgetting. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. [183] On 16 December 1968, the Spanish government formally revoked the 1492 Edict of Expulsion against Spain's Jewish population.[184][185]. By early 1939 only Madrid (see History of Madrid) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. Francisco Franco Franco's domestic policies became somewhat more liberal during the 1950s and '60s, and the continuity of his regime, together with its capacity for creative evolution, won him at least a limited degree of respect from some of his critics. General Francisco Franco was made leader of Spain's new fascist regime on October 1, 1936. Troops of the Spanish Army of Africa carried this out, with General Eduardo Lpez Ochoa as commander in the field. Generalissimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. Movies. On 1 April 1959, Franco had inaugurated its huge underground basilica as his monument and mausoleum, saying in his own words that it was built "in memory of my victory over communism, which was trying to dominate Spain." As the cortge with Franco's body arrived at the Valley of the Fallen, some 75,000 rightists wearing the blue shirts of the Falangists greeted it with rebel songs from the civil war and fascist salutes. Payne, Stanley G. and Palacios Jesus. On 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. Further Reading: Preston, Paul. Owing to Franco's human-rights record, the Spanish government in 2007 banned all official public references to the Franco regime and began the removal of all statues, street names and memorials associated with the regime, with the last statue reportedly being removed in 2008 in the city of Santander. Francisco Franco Alba, Director: Quemar las naves. [47] Instead he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. No. Instead Goering had to return to Berlin.[144]. Adam Berry. [176], Franco had a controversial association with Jews during the WWII period. [4][148][5] According to Paul Preston, 150,000 wartime civilian executions took place in the Francoist area, as well as 50,000 in the Republican area, in addition to approximately 20,000 civilians executed by the Franco regime after the end of the war. Officially, he died a few minutes after midnight on 20 November 1975 from heart failure, at the age of 82 on the same date as the death of Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the Falange, in 1936. In 1907, only 14 years old, he entered the Infantry Academy atToledo, graduating three years later. After landing in Spain, Franco and his army marched towardMadrid. The legacy of Franco in Spanish history remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship changed over time. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (* 4. december 1892 - 20. november 1975 ), oznaovan tie ako generl Franco, bol panielsky dikttor a najvy predstavite panielska od roku 1939 a do svojej smrti v roku 1975. Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite not always being effective, were present in most of the large operations in large numbers. [29] This and other occasions of royal attention would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. The rebels made effective use of a smaller navy, acquiring the most powerful ships in the Spanish fleet and maintaining a functional officer corp, while Republican sailors had assassinated a large number of their naval officers who sided with the rebels in 1936, as at Cartagena,[126] and El Ferrol. Franco won. This gesture was largely done to appease the monarchists in the Movimiento Nacional (Carlists and Alfonsists). [138] Also in 1937 the Marcha Real ("Royal March") was restored by decree as the national anthem in the Nationalist zone. Franco died in 1975, aged 82, and was entombed in the Valle de los Cados. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). The Alianza Obrera declared a general strike "against fascism" in Catalonia in 1934. Three years later the Nationalists declared victory, which extended Franco's dictatorship over Spain through a period of repression of political opponents. Business Strategist, innovator and tactical leader developing new business, building and . More disciplined and serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious and conservative upper middle-class Roman Catholic. He also added "by the grace of God", a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style. What was the Franco regime? [35] The Republican-Socialist alliance failed to win the majority of the municipalities in Spain, but had a landslide victory in all the large cities and in almost all the provincial capitals. In order to achieve that goal, censorship was enforced by the Book Censorship section, the Cinema and Theater . Author of. There was a public viewing of Franco's body at the funeral chapel opened in the Royal Palace; a mass and a military parade were held on the day of his burial. The country got rid of populations it would not have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. [37] The closing of the academy in June by the provisional War Minister Manuel Azaa however was a major setback for Franco and provoked his first clash with the Spanish Republic. The assassination of prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in the 20 December 1973 bombing by ETA eventually gave an edge to the liberalizing faction. Though the colonial units sent to the north by the government at Franco's recommendation[53] consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Moroccan Regulares Indigenas,[58] the right-wing press portrayed the Asturian rebels as lackeys of a foreign Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. Francisco Franco (December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. Franco's Nationalists were supported by Fascist Italy, which sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie and by Nazi Germany, which sent the Condor Legion. [146], Julin Casanova Ruiz, who was nominated in 2008 to join the panel of experts in the first judicial investigation, conducted by judge Baltasar Garzn, of Francoist crimes,[147] as well as historians Josep Fontana and Hugh Thomas, estimate deaths in the White Terror to be around 150,000 in total. Thus, his regime became an institutionalized authoritarian system, differing in this respect from the fascist party-states of the German and Italian models. In 1968, under pressure from the United Nations,[215] Spain granted Equatorial Guinea its independence, and the following year it ceded Ifni to Morocco. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. [258], In Spain, a commission to "repair the dignity" and "restore the memory" of the "victims of Francoism" (Comisin para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las vctimas del franquismo) was approved in 2004, and is directed by the social-democratic deputy Prime Minister Mara Teresa Fernndez de la Vega. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German nationals. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty."[74]. Menu. Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada (Armed Police). [202], All in all, some authors have pointed at a purported artificialness and failure of FET JONS in order to de-emphasize the Fascist weight within the regime whereas others have embedded those perceived features of "weak party" within the frame of a particular model of "Spanish Fascism". [64][65] Stanley G. Payne claims that the process was blatant electoral fraud, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution. The Francisco Franco National Foundation [1] [2] [3] (Spanish: Fundacin Nacional Francisco Franco; FNFF) [4] is a foundation and propaganda hub created in 1976 devoted to promoting the legacy of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. As commander in chief during the Civil War, Franco was a careful and systematic leader. While expanding the Falange into a more pluralistic group, Franco made it clear that it was the government that used the party and not the other way around. March 14th, 2022. He was also the second sibling to die, killed in an air accident on a military mission in 1938. [154] On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps in France, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division[155]). In 1973, Franco resigned as prime ministerseparated from the office of head of state since 1967due to his advanced age and illness. This exposition depicted the experiences of prisoners in Franco's prison system, and described other aspects of the penal system such as women's prisons, trials, the jailers, and prisoners' families. His goals was to protect Spain from any influence in power of the church, landowners and army.. Franco was initially keen to join the war before the UK could be defeated.[163]. While Franco did not suffer any great abuse by his father's hand, he would never overcome his antipathy for his father and largely ignored him for the rest of his life. [60] The Spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga, an Azaa supporter, and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco is the author of a sharp critical reflection against the participation of the left in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The conspiracy suggested that Jews, Freemasons, Communists, and other leftists alike sought the destruction of Christian Europe, with Spain being the principal target. Only in 1975, with the Green March, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. [63], Two wide coalitions formed: the Popular Front on the left, ranging from Republican Union to Communists, and the Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the centre radicals to the conservative Carlists. Franco initially sought support from various groups. Although Franco believed that the majority of the Spanish people still supported the crown, and although he regretted the end of the monarchy, he did not object, nor did he challenge the legitimacy of the republic. [182] In the aftermath of the Six-Day War in 1967, Franco's Spain was able to utilise its positive relationship with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Arab world (due to not having recognised the Israeli state) to allow 800 Egyptian Jews, many of Sephardic ancestry, safe passage out of Egypt on Spanish passports. Franco allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the Soviet Union (the Blue Division), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. [262] The Senate approved the bill on 10 December 2007.[263]. [133], On 19 April 1937, Franco and Serrano Ser, with the acquiescence of Generals Mola and Quiepo de Llano, forcibly merged the ideologically distinct national-syndicalist Falange and the Carlist monarchist parties into one party under his rule, dubbed Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS),[134] which became the only legal party in 1939.
How To Dry Eucalyptus Leaves In Oven,
Gregory Cruz Married,
Articles F