J. Pathol. Karuppan, M. K. M. et al. Heart J. The findings from studies reporting outcomes in subacute/ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and chronic/post-COVID-19 syndrome are summarized in Table 1. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. 100% healthy NP prior, never had Covid. Given the global scale of this pandemic, it is apparent that the healthcare needs for patients with sequelae of COVID-19 will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Sci. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Med. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from COVID-19 infection. Other more rare adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, seventh cranial nerve palsy, and orofacial edema [8]. In most people, these symptoms come and go so . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Fatigue (53.1%), dyspnea (43.4%), joint pain (27.3%) and chest pain (21.7%) were the most commonly reported symptoms, with 55% of patients continuing to experience three or more symptoms. Madjid et al. 1). 18, 18591865 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1452RL (2021). A.S.N. Assoc. Emerg. 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Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a common observation in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) but has not yet been fully described to date. J. Infect. Sinus tachycardia is a type of irregular heartbeat that is characterized by a faster than normal heart rhythm. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: the possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. This condition has been associated with endothelial damage affecting the central and peripheral nervous receptors, altering respiratory control and dyspnea perception. J. Med. Rheumatol. Dermatol. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6306 (2020). Thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with COVID-19. Nutr. Rev. Pozo-Rosich, P. Headache & COVID-19: a short-term challenge with long-term insights. Metab. Abboud, H. et al. Retrospective data on post-acute thromboembolic events, although limited by small sample size, variability in outcome ascertainment and inadequate systematic follow-up, suggest the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the post-acute COVID-19 setting to be <5%. While viral particles in the brain have previously been reported with other coronavirus infections154, there is not yet compelling evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infecting neurons. Post-discharge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. The researchers say tachycardia syndrome should be . Lindner, D. et al. J. No patient was under any cardiovascular treatment at the time of the evaluation. However, the observed low HRV in our cohort and manifest physical limitations during the 6MWT makes anxiety-driven IST rather unlikely. & McIntyre, R. S. The involvement of TNF- in cognitive dysfunction associated with major depressive disorder: an opportunity for domain specific treatments. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. Eur. 83, 11181129 (2020). Incident hyperthyroidism due to SARS-CoV-2-related destructive thyroiditis can be treated with corticosteroids but new-onset Graves disease should also be ruled out184. In COVID-19, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a butyrate-producing anaerobe typically associated with good health, has been inversely correlated with disease severity196,199. Vaccine injured physicians are starting to speak out We thank Laia Valls for her collaboration in data collection and Carolina Galvez and Carolina Jaillier for the illustration. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.193 (2020). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 611627 (2020). J. Respir. Barizien, N. et al. Martin-Villares, C., Perez Molina-Ramirez, C., Bartolome-Benito, M., Bernal-Sprekelsen, M. & COVID ORL ESP Collaborative Group. Sakusic, A. Varga, Z. et al. A prospective study of 12-week respiratory outcomes in COVID-19-related hospitalisations. The authors declare no competing interests. 99, 677678 (2020). Shang, J. et al. Ackermann, M. et al. Clin. Tachycardia amongst subjects recovering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). . This case report is clinically relevant to better understand the pathophysiology behind the messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and the . 31, 19481958 (2020). Secondary causes of tachycardia, such as anemia, thyroid pathology, pregnancy, infection, or pulmonary embolism, were investigated, and patients with a systemic condition justifying tachycardia were excluded from the study analysis. Am. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Medicine (Nat Med) Yancy, C. W. COVID-19 and African Americans. PubMed Carf, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Hair loss can possibly be attributed to telogen effluvium resulting from viral infection or a resultant stress response5. IST can cause a faster heart rate for a person even when they are at rest. Opin. Immunol. Swai, J., Hu, Z., Zhao, X., Rugambwa, T. & Ming, G. Heart rate and heart rate variability comparison between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome versus healthy participants; A systematic review and meta-analysis. 31, 19591968 (2020). Xiao, F. et al. Currently, healthcare professionals caring for survivors of acute COVID-19 have the key role of recognizing, carefully documenting, investigating and managing ongoing or new symptoms, as well as following up organ-specific complications that developed during acute illness. J. Soc. Ther. Radiology 296, E189E191 (2020). 2, fcaa069 (2020). Lung transplantation for patients with severe COVID-19. J. Early reports have now emerged on post-acute infectious consequences of COVID-19, with studies from the United States, Europe and China reporting outcomes for those who survived hospitalization for acute COVID-19. J. Cardiol. Crit. A. A total of 51.6% of survivors in the post-acute COVID-19 US study were Black20, while the BAME group comprised 1920.9% in the UK studies22,24. Report adverse events following receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine to VAERS. Illustration of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Post-COVID-19 syndrome. 19, 6364 (2019). Am. Med. After ruling out major and common differentials like vaccine-induced myocarditis, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, arrhythmias, diagnosis of POTS was made. Kartik Sehgal or Elaine Y. Wan. J. Thromb. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Zhao, Y. M. et al. Rev. Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from a Hong Kong cohort: systematic review and meta-analysis. 6, 60 (2020). 21). Arch. Dr.Danice Hertz, a 64 year old physician was "horribly ill" and "incapacitated" after getting Pfizer's COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Lau, S. T. et al. Active and future clinical studies, including prospective cohorts and clinical trials, along with frequent review of emerging evidence by working groups and task forces, are paramount to developing a robust knowledge database and informing clinical practice in this area. 6, 116118 (2021). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Dyspnea while walking up the stairs (22.9%) was most commonly reported, while other symptoms included cough (15.4%) and persistent loss of taste and/or smell (13.1%). 2 Intensive care unit admission was seen in 5.0%, mechanical ventilation used in 2.3%, and 1.4% died. Primer Auton. 88, 861862 (2020). Microbiol. Am. Blood 136, 13421346 (2020). Acute COVID-19 usually lasts until 4weeks from the onset of symptoms, beyond which replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 has not been isolated. Her work, with her close collaborator, Dr. Drew Weissman of the University of . Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Platelet and vascular biomarkers associate with thrombosis and death in coronavirus disease. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome. More common side effects are mild and temporary, including: fever. The symptoms of inappropriate sinus tachycardia are very variable and range from mild to severe. 93, 10131022 (2021). The phase IV clinical study is created by eHealthMe based on reports from the FDA, and is updated regularly. 5, 12651273 (2020). Fail. Finally, long-term cognitive impairment is well recognized in the post-critical illness setting, occurring in 2040% of patients discharged from an ICU165. Agarwal, A. K., Garg, R., Ritch, A. Genovese, G., Moltrasio, C., Berti, E. & Marzano, A. V.Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: current knowledge and future perspectives. Nervous Syst. Am. Moreover, an additional S1S2 cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 enables more effective cleavage by host proteases and facilitates more effective binding30,31. Salisbury, R. et al. Am. Extended vs. standard-duration thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 88, 860861 (2020). Clin. Some researchers believe that coronavirus can be a trigger for POTS, as an increased number of people who recovered from COVID-19 are now experiencing POTS-like symptoms, such as brain fog, tachycardia (increased heart rate) and severe chronic fatigue. On the other hand, that patients with IST or POTS often report experiencing a previous trigger, such as a viral infection14,15. Joao Monteiro was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. Withdrawal of guideline-directed medical therapy was associated with higher mortality in the acute to post-acute phase in a retrospective study of 3,080 patients with COVID-19 (ref. Cardiol. symptoms of tachycardia in COVID-19 POTS. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction: JACC focus seminar. was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grants R01-DK114893, R01-MD014161 and U01-DK116066, as well as National Science Foundation grant 2032726. Hard exercise, anxiety, certain drugs, or a fever can spark it. Risk Manag. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. 154, 748760 (2020). J. Thromb. JAMA Netw. PubMed Bunyavanich, S., Grant, C. & Vicencio, A. Racial/ethnic variation in nasal gene expression of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Demographic data were summarized by basic descriptive statistics in the three groups. was supported by NIH R01 HL152236 and R03 HL146881, the Esther Aboodi Endowed Professorship at Columbia University, the Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine, the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Scholars Program and the Wu Family Research Fund. Compared to fully recovered patients, patients with PCS and IST more frequently complained of palpitations (90% vs. 5%; p<0.001), dyspnea (82% vs. 16%; p<0.001), chest pain (78% vs. 21%; p<0.001), headache (73% vs. 37%; p=0.007), dizziness (53% vs. 5%; p=0.002), diarrhea (53% vs. 16%; p=0.003), and dermatological alterations (35% vs. 5%; p=0.009). Lancet 391, 24492462 (2018). Neurosci. Google Scholar. Coker, R. K. et al. This 2:1:1 comparative design allowed us to establish study reference values for the assessment of HRV and to characterize presumable damage to the sympathetic versus parasympathetic input to the heart rate in the setting of PCS. 58(6), 24652480. J. Rehabil. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been observed in patients without known diabetes mellitus weeks to months after resolution of COVID-19 symptoms182. 324, 22512252 (2020). Internet Explorer). However, comparison of Kawasaki disease and MIS-C cohorts demonstrates distinctive epidemiologic and clinical characteristics. PubMed 16, 581589 (2020). During the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 33 patients (83%) had experienced mild symptoms not requiring hospital admission; 6 patients (15%) had moderate disease with pulmonary infiltrates and required hospitalization; and only 1 patient (3%) required intensive care management. Eur. Loss of taste and smell may also persist after resolution of other symptoms in approximately one-tenth of patients at up to 6months follow-up5,20,22,26. Only 3% of patients noted a skin rash at 6months follow-up in the post-acute COVID-19 Chinese study5. 5(7), 831840. The clinical characteristics of secondary infections of lower respiratory tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome. 132). Finally, our results suggest a major role of the ANS in the pathophysiology of IST. Lin, J. E. et al. Maron, B. J. et al. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of IST in a consecutive and prospective population of PCS patients. Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. & Shi, Z.-L.Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Hendaus, M. A. Interestingly, IST patients had a lower incidence of anosmia (48% vs. 79%; p=0.03). AHSAM 2020 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting (Infomedica, 2020); https://www.ahshighlights.com/summaries-podcasts/article/headache-covid-19-a-short-term-challenge-with-long-term-insights. Moreno-Prez, O. et al. Clin. These studies provide early evidence to aid the identification of people at high risk for post-acute COVID-19. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Over the couple of days she developed severe hypertension and recurrent tachycardia. 193, 37553768 (2014). Am. All research activities were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Correspondence to Anxiety, depression and sleep difficulties were present in approximately one-quarter of patients at 6months follow-up in the post-acute COVID-19 Chinese study5. Arch. Haemost. Lescure, F. X. et al. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Andrew Chan, Eike Nagel and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of their work. CAS Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) A significant decrease in frequency-domain parameters was also observed in PCS patients with IST: VLF (1463.1538 vs. 2415.71361 vs. 39312194, respectively; p<0.001), LF (670.2380 vs. 1093.2878 vs. 1801.5800, respectively; p<0.001), and HF (246.0179 vs. 463.7295 vs. 1048.5570, respectively; p<0.001). Simpson, R. & Robinson, L. Rehabilitation after critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. The mechanisms of IST, with or without previous viral infection, are poorly understood and investigated, but many of the postulated mechanisms include alterations in the nervous system: sympathovagal imbalance, beta-adrenergic receptor hypersensitivity, and brain stem dysregulation, among others. Coll. Cardiology Department, Heart institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain, Jlia Arany,Victor Bazan,Felipe Bisbal,Axel Sarrias,Raquel Adelio,Ariadna Riverola,Antoni Bays-Gens&Roger Villuendas, Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain, Gemma Llads,Bonaventura Clotet&Lourdes Mateu, Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain, AIDS Research Institute (IrsiCaixa), Badalona, Spain, Marta Massanella,Roger Paredes&Bonaventura Clotet, Centro de Investigacin Biomdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovascualres (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Antoni Bays-Gens,Lourdes Mateu&Roger Villuendas, Centro de Investigacin Biomdica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain, You can also search for this author in Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 Illness. 18, 31093110 (2020). J. Exp. Serial echocardiographic assessment is recommended at intervals of 12 and 46weeks after presentation212. PubMed Mol. Cardiol. Direct oral anticoagulants and low-molecular-weight heparin are preferred anticoagulation agents over vitamin K antagonists due to the lack of need to frequently monitor therapeutic levels, as well as the lower risk of drugdrug interactions108,109. Rehabil. JAMA Cardiol. Necessary active and future research include the identification and characterization of key clinical, serological, imaging and epidemiologic features of COVID-19 in the acute, subacute and chronic phases of disease, which will help us to better understand the natural history and pathophysiology of this new disease entity (Table 2). In a study of 26 competitive college athletes with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, cardiac MRI revealed features diagnostic of myocarditis in 15% of participants, and previous myocardial injury in 30.8% of participants114. Nat. Blood 136, 13171329 (2020). Further neuropsychological evaluation should be considered in the post-acute illness setting in patients with cognitive impairment. Circulation 135, e927e999 (2017). 31, 19441947 (2020). 116, 21852196 (2020). Respir. A prospective study from Belgium at 6weeks post-discharge follow-up assessed d-dimer levels and venous ultrasound in 102 patients; 8% received post-discharge thromboprophylaxis85. Systematic study of sequelae after recovery from acute COVID-19 is needed to develop an evidence-based multidisciplinary team approach for caring for these patients, and to inform research priorities. 169, 21422147 (2009). Ultrastructural evidence of direct viral damage to the olfactory complex in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. In adults, a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute when a person is at rest is considered tachycardia. Pract. Article & Sun, Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. CAS Similar findings were reported from studies in Europe. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.132 (1993). Belvis, R. Headaches during COVID-19: my clinical case and review of the literature. Card. Myocardial fibrosis or scarring, and resultant cardiomyopathy from viral infection, can lead to re-entrant arrhythmias119. 22, 22052215 (2020). Aust. Muccioli, L. et al. Am. 24, 436442 (2004). Additionally, similar to previous studies of SARS survivors, 2530% of whom experienced secondary infections37,38, survivors of acute COVID-19 may be at increased risk of infections with bacterial, fungal (pulmonary aspergillosis) or other pathogens39,40,41. Google Scholar. All patients had O2 saturation >97%. Dis. Acute COVID-19 has been recognized to disproportionately affect communities of color27,213,214,215,216. J. Med. J. Roger Villuendas. Chen, J. et al. 161), with a more sustained increase in severe infections162, suggesting the possibility of more chronic neuronal injury. While 80% of Kawasaki disease cases occur in children <5years of age and primarily of Asian descent207, patients with MIS-C are typically >7years, encompass a broader age range and are of African, Afro-Caribbean or Hispanic origin206,208. Nevertheless, nearly all patients with silent hypoxemia are hospitalized at some point, as this condition leads to a critical diagnostic delay; in contrast to our study population of patients with mild disease who did not require hospital admission (therefore, assuming the absence of silent hypoxemia). Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase. Lancet Psychiatry 8, 130140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20202135 (2021). Autonomic dysfunction is relatively common among HIV-infected patients, as inferred from a decrease in the HRV in the early stages of infection in many of these patients13. Google Scholar. Am. To assess cardiac autonomic function, a 2:1:1 comparative sub-analysis was conducted against both fully recovered patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Respir. Donati Zeppa, S., Agostini, D., Piccoli, G., Stocchi, V. & Sestili, P.Gut microbiota status in COVID-19: an unrecognized player? International AIDS conference. & Baykan, B. COVID-19 is a real headache! In the absence of reliable reference values for the HRV parameters in the literature, we conducted a 2:1:1 comparative sub-study using two healthy populations. Now Katalin Kariko, 66, known to colleagues as Kati, has emerged as one of the heroes of Covid-19 vaccine development. All analyses treated the three groups independently, whereas the matching process for every two cases was individual. Blood 136, 13301341 (2020). & Morgenstern, P. F. Neurological manifestations of pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome potentially associated with COVID-19. Med. Santoriello, D. et al. Front. Considering this, it seems reasonable that the mechanisms leading to IST after SARS-CoV-2 infection are mixed, with injury of the ANS, which constantly regulates heart rate and vascular tone, playing an important role. The role of antiplatelet agents such as aspirin as an alternative (or in conjunction with anticoagulation agents) for thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 has not yet been defined and is currently being investigated as a prolonged primary thromboprophylaxis strategy in those managed as outpatients (ACTIV4 (NCT04498273)). Clin. Rogers, J. P. et al. Curr. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Thank you for visiting nature.com. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.002 (2004). Nat. In a guidance document adopted by the British Thoracic Society, algorithms for evaluating COVID-19 survivors in the first 3months after hospital discharge are based on the severity of acute COVID-19 and whether or not the patient received ICU-level care76. ISSN 1078-8956 (print). COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. Care 60, 103105 (2020). Hosey, M. M. & Needham, D. M. Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Treatment with corticosteroids may be beneficial in a subset of patients with post-COVID inflammatory lung disease, as suggested by a preliminary observation of significant symptomatic and radiological improvement in a small UK cohort of COVID-19 survivors with organizing pneumonia at 6weeks after hospital discharge77. Rev. Neurophysiol. Preceding infection and risk of stroke: an old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, approximately 2040% of patients remain symptomatic weeks, or even months, after overcoming the acute infection phase1. 3(2), e000700. Am. The latest data from China offers some basic stats on the virus: the median age of 1,099 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces in China was 47 years, and 41.9% are female. The prevalence estimates of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae from these studies suggest that patients with greater severity of acute COVID-19 (especially those requiring a high-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation) are at the highest risk for long-term pulmonary complications, including persistent diffusion impairment and radiographic pulmonary abnormalities (such as pulmonary fibrosis)5,22. Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19. Am. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Nutritional management of COVID-19 patients in a rehabilitation unit. Defining cardiac dysautonomiaDifferent types, overlap syndromes; case-based presentations. Med. Crit. 382, 16531659 (2020). Nature 581, 221224 (2020). Thromb. Ritchie, K., Chan, D. & Watermeyer, T. The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage? Acta Neuropathol. However, these prevalence estimates should be considered preliminary given the sample size of each of these cohorts. 73(10), 11891206. The vast . Clin. Freeman, E. E. et al. Kudose, S. et al. Opin. The common symptoms observed in post-acute COVID-19 are summarized. Platelet activation and plateletmonocyte aggregates formation trigger tissue factor expression in severe COVID-19 patients. Wilbers, T. J. 191, 145147 (2020). Chest pain. World Neurosurg. In previous observational studies, previous infectious illness was the precipitating event for IST in 510% of cases, and the reported pathogens were the influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster, among others16. Thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim clinical guidance from the anticoagulation forum. Hello to all. Low, P. A. Med. Thachil, J. Hypoxiaan overlooked trigger for thrombosis in COVID-19 and other critically ill patients. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Although conclusive evidence is not yet available, extended post-hospital discharge (up to 6weeks) and prolonged primary thromboprophylaxis (up to 45d) in those managed as outpatients may have a more favorable riskbenefit ratio in COVID-19 given the noted increase in thrombotic complications during the acute phase, and this is an area of active investigation (NCT04508439, COVID-PREVENT (NCT04416048), ACTIV4 (NCT04498273) and PREVENT-HD (NCT04508023))106,107. Miglis, M. G., Goodman, B. P., Chmali, K. R. & Stiles, L. Re: Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms by Davido et al. Nat. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalisation. 72, 17911805 (2020). Endocrine manifestations in the post-acute COVID-19 setting may be consequences of direct viral injury, immunological and inflammatory damage, as well as iatrogenic complications. Ann. volume27,pages 601615 (2021)Cite this article. Lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis secondary to influenza A pneumonia. & Sandroni, P. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Carvalho-Schneider, C. et al. Kidney Int. 18, 844847 (2020). A pooled meta-analysis of MIS-C studies reported recovery in 91.1% and death in 3.5% of patients205.
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