J Anal Bioanal Technol. E. coli is a gram-negative bacterium that has been found to be metabolically active and has been extensively studied in nanotoxicological research [7, 114, 133]. They characterized the intensity of bands at 2958, 2925, and 2854cm1 and found that peaks were smaller in treated bacteria compared to the control. 8). We will describe advantages for the application of FTIR in the field of nanotoxicology, including higher signal-to-noise ratio, high energy throughput, as well as high accuracy and stability which are applicable to solid phase samples but not recommended for assays in the liquid phase. In addition, Hu et al. & Li, N. Re-examination of characteristic FTIR spectrum of secondary layer in bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The ATRFTIR protein region peaks of E. coli before and after treatment are shown in (Table2). doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03080.x, Papadimitriou K, Boutou E, Zoumpopoulou G et al (2008) RNA arbitrarily primed PCR and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveal plasticity in the acid tolerance response of Streptococcus macedonicus. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis was carried out to determine the nature of the capping agents in each of these leaf extracts. J. Nanopart. These tools can also help to prevent the unintentional negative effects that nanomaterials could have on ecosystems and public health. J. Taibah Univ. After 7.5h of bacterial growth, suspensions of AgNPs in deionized water were injected to achieve a concentration of 15mg/L inside of the exposed condition (media plus bacteria+AgNPs). Certain peaks at 1655 and 1637cm1 are responsible for the rise in amide I principally due to the stretching vibrations of the C=O groups at -helical and -pleated sheet structures of proteins, respectively. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(95)00412-2, Karatzas KAG, Bennik MHJ (2002) Characterization of a Listeria monocytogenes Scott a isolate with high tolerance towards high hydrostatic pressure. & Galceran, M. T. Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review. The reason for the changes in this region may be due to the alteration of the secondary and tertiary helix structure of DNA, the generation of new gene fragments, or an increase in the transcriptional in the DNA molecule [50]. doi:10.1063/1.2742324, Riddle JW, Kabler PW, Kenner BA et al (1956) Bacterial identification by infrared spectrophotometry. Google Scholar, Alvarez-Ordez A, Halisch J, Prieto M (2010) Changes in Fourier transform infrared spectra of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis after adaptation to stressful growth conditions. The wavelength corresponds to radio frequencies; hence, when the spin returns to its base level, energy is emitted at the same frequency, and the released signal results in an NMR spectrum for the nucleus [117]. In bacteria treated with nanoparticles, an increased band near 1738cm1 was observed due to vibration of the C=O carbonyl group. J. Nanotechnol. On the contrary, a band at 881.8cm1 appeared at 2.5h, which was not present in the untreated bacteria, nor did it appear in the 5h sample. In: doi:10.1002/jms.3135, Graves JL, Tajkarimi M, Cunningham Q et al (2015) Rapid evolution of silver nanoparticle resistance in Escherichia coli. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from citrus fruit have anti-bacterial activities, Comparative evaluation of biomedical and phytochemical applications of zinc nanoparticles by using Fagonia cretica extracts, Green synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Chlorella-K01 extract for potential enhancement of plant growth stimulating and antifungal activity, Comparative assessment of the biological activity of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles and aqueous leaf extract of Perilla frutescens (L.), Green synthesis and antibacterial applications of gold and silver nanoparticles from Ligustrum vulgare berries, Bioengineered synthesis of phytochemical-adorned green silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles via Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plantago lanceolata extract and assessing their antibacterial and antioxidant activities, Biomedical potential of Anabaena variabilis NCCU-441 based Selenium nanoparticles and their comparison with commercial nanoparticles, Green synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of gold and silver nanoparticles using Mentha spicata essential oil, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Multi-round recycling of green waste for the production of iron nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and prospects in remediation, A Nano-QSTR model to predict nano-cytotoxicity: an approach using human lung cells data, Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:16011607. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.027, Rizzello L, Pompa PP (2014) Nanosilver-based antibacterial drugs and devices: mechanisms, methodological drawbacks, and guidelines. Ansari, M. A. J. Curr. A specific advantage of mass spectrometry over FTIR is the capacity to quantify the structural information, although the data collected by mass spectrometry are difficult to interpret [43]. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.002, Cegelski L (2015) Bottom-up and top-down solid-state NMR approaches for bacterial biofilm matrix composition. This method displays various chemical bonding in a sample or materials as well as. These regions are mainly placed between 3100 and 2800cm1 for fatty acids, 1800 and 1500cm1 for proteins and peptides, 1200 and 900cm1 for carbohydrates, and 900 and 600cm1 for the fingerprint region [62]. Environ. The combined approach showed which peptide organized more selectively with the membrane [94]. Water Res 42:30663074. doi:10.1155/2005/386404, Losasso C, Belluco S, Cibin V et al (2014) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: sensitivity of different Salmonella serovars. Some examples of assessing toxicity effects of nanoparticles via mass spectrometry include a study focused on characterizing the interactions of bacteria with five types of nanoparticles [43]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. J. Nano Sci. XPS can also estimate the concentrations of the bacterial surface compounds within 5nm from the sample surface [1, 46, 92]. Mukunthan, K. & Balaji, S. Silver nanoparticles shoot up from the root of Daucus carrota (L.). doi:10.1002/sia.2184, Levine S, Stevenson HJR, Chambers LA, Kenner BA (1953) Infrared spectrophotometry of enteric bacteria. doi:10.1002/cbic.200500076, Reddy KM, Feris K, Bell J et al (2007) Selective toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Experimental research procedures on plants were accomplished according to the institutional guidelines of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. doi:10.1039/C1AN15313G, Carlos C, Maretto DA, Poppi RJ et al (2011) Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy as a bacterial source tracking tool to discriminate fecal E. coli strains. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 26:222225. The fingerprint falls between wavenumbers 900600cm1 and indicates unique weak bands that correspond to nucleic acids, i.e., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and various nucleotides [62]. ADS doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2015.01.014, Chia BCS, Lam Y-H, Dyall-Smith M et al (2000) A31P NMR study of the interaction of amphibian antimicrobial peptides with the membranes of live bacteria. 240, 599642 (1948). Food Microbiol 23(2):162168, CrossRef After a visible color change of the sample solutions, further confirmation of synthesis of FeNPs was done through UV Visible Spectrophotometer50. Kalaiarasi, R., Jayallakshmi, N. & Venkatachalam, P. Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles and its applications. 1, 1 (2016). All the other data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. To demonstrate the importance of sample preparation used in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of microbiological materials, bacterial biomass samples with and without grinding and after different drying periods (1.5-23 h at 45 C), as well as biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs; without washing and after one to three washing steps) were comparatively studied by transmission . 171, 4458 (2021). Even though the reference study used oxide nanoparticles [52], the mechanism for modifications in bacterial protein structures may be similar to the toxicity effect observed here. 5a). As previously mentioned, FTIR is able to reveal different biochemical properties of bacteria based on their chemical bonds [112] and structural changes [131]. PubMed J Nanomater 2020, Vance ME, Kuiken T, Vejerano EP, McGinnis SP, Hochella MF Jr, Rejeski D, Hull MS (2015) Nanotechnology in the real world: redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory. J Rapid Methods Autom Microbiol 15:146175. in comparison to both AgNO 3 and raw plant extracts. Sadhasivam, S., Vinayagam, V. & Balasubramaniyan, M. Recent advancement in biogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles. Nano-FTIR (nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a scanning probe technique that utilizes as a combination of two techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). The effective factor regarding the ATR analysis is the refractive index of the sample, which should be lower than the crystal sample holder. To detect the specific responses within the treated bacteria, the data were analyzed region by region on the spectra. Vasantharaj, S. et al. J Visual Exp JoVE 95, Stuart BH, (2004) Infrared spectroscopy: fundamental and applications. In another study, where gram-positive bacteria were exposed to oxide nanoparticles, the bands at 1600 and 1408cm1 showed increases in peak intensity compared to the control [15]. Moreover, other wavenumber regions were reported for phospholipid and phosphodiester compounds. Mass Spectrom Rev 20:172194. NMR spectroscopy can determine the molecular structure, content, and purity of a sample. What is FTIR? For operating Zeta-sizer, a sample amount of minimum of 12L and a maximum of 3ml and temperature range of 1540C is required46,59. Laouini, S., Bouafia, A. The true experimental research design was used for performing the experiments. However, after 2.5h of exposure to nanoparticles, the peaks appeared in different wavenumbers, such as 1163, 1058.4, and 932.4cm1. [108] studied the toxicity effect of long and short multiwall carbon nanotubes on gram-negative bacteria. Nanotechnol. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.055, Article 28, 122130 (2017). B Biol. Google Scholar. A detector can present the resulting spectrum in the range between 4000 and 400cm1. A. Novikov, ngela Novais, Ana R. Freitas, Lusa Peixe, Evelin Witkowska, Krzysztof Niciski, Agnieszka Kamiska, Cristina-Cassiana Andrei, Anne Moraillon, Anne Chantal Gouget-Laemmel, Julie Meneghel, Stphanie Passot, Fernanda Fonseca, Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Viola odorata against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice. Spectra were the result of 256 scans with a resolution of 4cm1 in the 4000350cm1 spectral range. Nanotechnol. The field has captured applications from daily life technological applications to armories and space technology and from human cosmetics to medicine [[1], [2], [3]]. Prep. 22 was used for analyzing the data. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19635.x, Lamprecht C, Gierlinger N, Heister E et al (2012) Mapping the intracellular distribution of carbon nanotubes after targeted delivery to carcinoma cells using confocal Raman imaging as a label-free technique. Correspondence to J Mol Struct 878:162168. The XPS analysis of elements and their chemical states at the surface of MNPs and f-MNPs revealed differences in chemical bonding of atoms, content of carbon-oxygen groups, iron oxide forms, iron oxide magnetic properties, adsorbed molecules, surface coverage, and overlayer thickness, whereas the Auger parameters (derived from XPS and Auger spec. Yasin, B. R., El-Fawal, H. A. Mol. World J Gastroenterol 9(9):1897, https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/2/53, https://www.elettra.trieste.it/elettra-beamlines/nanospectroscopy.html, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-015-9033-3, Spectroscopy Department, National Research Center (NRC), ElDokki, Cairo, Egypt, You can also search for this author in Qadir, M. I., Ali, M., Saleem, M. et al. Al-Daihan, S. & Bhat, R. S. Antibacterial activities of extracts of leaf, fruit, seed and bark of Phoenix dactylifera. J Magn Reson 253:9197. Astefanei, A., Nez, O. However, because bacteria signatures are observed in the mid-IR, this limitation does not apply for bacteria analysis. Carabante, I., Grahn, M., Holmgren, A., Kumpiene, J. They concluded that the photocatalytic degradation of the cell membrane causes the formation of carboxylic acid. The solutions were continuously stirred for 8h at 6070C and then subjected to further stirring at 37C for 24h29,49. XPS determines the presence of elements and the composition of functional groups, such as proteins and polymeric substances on the cell surface [10, 15, 33, 34, 92, 93, 103, 112, 124, 128]. Devatha, C., Jagadeesh, K. & Patil, M. Effect of Green synthesized iron nanoparticles by Azardirachta indica in different proportions on antibacterial activity. J Bacteriol 75:1620, Kinder R, Ziegler C, Wessels JM (1997) Gamma-irradiation and UV-C light-induced lipid peroxidation: a Fourier transform-infrared absorption spectroscopic study. The results showed that the AgNPs-induced structural changes in the peptide and amino acids region may lead to alterations of conformation and/or composition of Amid B and Amid III. Anal Chem 92(12):80978107, Chrabaszcz K, Jasztal A, Smda M, Zieliski B, Blat A, Diem M, Chlopicki S, Malek K, Marzec KM (2018) Label-free FTIR spectroscopy detects and visualizes the early stage of pulmonary micrometastasis seeded from breast carcinoma. 43, 28262831 (2021). Anal Bioanal Chem 387:17691777. The combined NMR and FTIR approach was applied to investigate the interaction of different structures of peptides (-helices and -sheets) with the bacterial membrane and its diastereomer [94]. Macromol. B Biol. Amide II bands of proteins show up in the 15501520cm1 region due to NH bending with contributions from the CN stretching vibrations of the peptide group. In: CRC Press. NMR revealed the interactions between peptides within membranes, while FTIR characterized the composition of -helical structures within the peptide. Background Sepsis is a syndrome of physiological, pathological and biochemical abnormalities caused by infection. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.209536, Reckel S, Lhr F, Dtsch V (2005) In-cell NMR spectroscopy. XPS has different detection limits and analysis depths to detect the chemical composition of different cells [10, 15, 33, 34, 92, 93, 103, 112, 124, 128]. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a relatively new, but quickly adopted, technique that can measure NP size, and having a lower concentration detection limit compared to DLS. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00005-6, Beekes M, Lasch P, Naumann D (2007) Analytical applications of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in microbiology and prion research. doi:10.1021/jp207101m, Pradier CM, Rubio C, Poleunis C et al (2005) Surface characterization of three marine bacterial strains by Fourier transform IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, correlation with adhesion on stainless steel surfaces. A limitation of this methodology is that the resolution can decrease at higher wavelengths compared to the transmission mode due to higher background noise. Experimental 2.1. Google Scholar. 170, 241246 (2017). Hoag, G. E. et al. 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Figure4 shows the ATRFTIR spectra in the 18001200cm1 range of the E. coli as a control and E. coli exposed to AgNPs. Article Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. Furthermore, the majority of responsible peaks for the protein region mainly include the peaks at 1800 and 1500cm1, which are dominated by the amide I and amide II of proteins and peptides, except the amide III band, which is located around 1280cm1. J. Ethnopharmacol. PubMedGoogle Scholar. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Changes were observed in exposed E. coli spectra after 5h and appeared in the spectrum of treated bacteria at 693.3, 643.6, and 623.4cm1. 4 An advantage of FTIR is that it enables users to analyze a layer of nanoparticles coated on the ATR element, while also altering the overlying phase. Changes in the protein region, such as peaks at 1414cm1, as reported by Nadtochenko et al., include the COH in-plane bending of carbohydrates, DNA/RNA backbone, and proteins [58, 86]. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 7:6475. The purity of NPs was confirmed by EDAX technique. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Basis Dis 1864(11):35743584, Marcelli A, Cricenti A, Kwiatek WM, Petibois C (2012) Biological applications of synchrotron radiation infrared spectromicroscopy. FTIR analysis was conducted to identify the possible biomolecules present in PPE, and the CE extract that are responsible for capping of silver nanoparticles, reduction, and stabilization. Mass spectrometry and FTIR are tools that are often used in conjunction; FTIR provides an outlook into the structural overview of bacterial toxicity, whereas mass spectrometry offers a ratio of molecular bonds [36]. Artif. 4, 5461 (2012). Biosynthesis of stable iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous extracts of Hordeum vulgare and Rumex acetosa plants. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.009, Beech IB, Zinkevich V, Tapper R et al (1999) Study of the interaction of sulphate-reducing bacteria exopolymers with iron using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ionisation mass spectrometry. Environ. The band responsible for (CC) was observed at 1058cm1 in the spectra after 2.5h of exposure. J. Nanostruct. They also reported the appearance of two bands at 1111 and 976cm1 after ZnO nanoparticle exposure, which introduced a signature of the symmetry and asymmetric vibration of deprotonated PO3 Am J Cancer Res 2(1):1, Bellisola G, Della Peruta M, Vezzalini M, Moratti E, Vaccari L, Birarda G, Piccinini M, Cinque G, Sorio C (2010) Tracking InfraRed signatures of drugs in cancer cells by Fourier Transform microspectroscopy. Langmuir ACS J Surf Colloids 24:40324040. FTIR limitations can be compensated for by combining the analysis with other techniques. Membrane peroxidation in E. coli-exposed TiO2 photocatalysis was detected through modifications of bands at 2958, 2924, 2876, and 2854cm1, which were caused by CH asymmetric stretching of CH3 in fatty acids, CH asymmetric stretching of >CH3 in fatty acids, and CH symmetric stretching of CH2 in fatty bands [58, 86]. Environ Sci Technol 41:26362642. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(20000405)53:4<342:AID-BIP6>3.0.CO;2-M, Pius J, Morrow MR, Booth V (2012) 2H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of whole Escherichia coli interacting with antimicrobial peptide MSI-78. One of the disadvantages is that NMR has the potential to change the genetic code of bacteria and consequently the behavior of the protein, due to the use of synthesized amino acids for labeling [105]. Spectrochim Acta A 120:534541, Bangaoil R, Santillan A, Angeles LM, Abanilla L, Lim A Jr, Ramos MC, Fellizar A, Guevarra L Jr, Albano PM (2020) ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as adjunct method to the microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues in diagnosing lung cancer. FTIR spectra was taken for . FTIR is used for scanning the sample and it gives information about the relevant functional groups and stabilization of synthesized FeNPs53,54,55. The bands at 1117 and 1102cm1 disappeared in the asymmetric vibration of the COC glycosidic linkage regions, respectively, and a new band showed up at 1120cm1. Al Harthi, S., Mavazhe, A., Al Mahroqi, H. & Khan, S. A. Quantification of phenolic compounds, evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Oman. CAS There are various types of transparent material used to analyze different types of samples. The elastic transfer of energy, or Rayleigh scattering, dominates the outputs of Raman spectroscopy. CAS J Bacteriol 72(5):593, Romih T, Draler B, Jemec A, Drobne D, Novak S, Golobi M, Makovec D, Susi R, Kogej K (2015) Bioavailability of cobalt and iron from citric-acid-adsorbed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Mass spectrometry also showed that the proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids in treated bacteria increased significantly compared to the controls [36]. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle FTIR reveals the chemical structure of a material using vibrational states to recognize the presence of specific bonds. Green chemistry route of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava leaf extract and their antibacterial activity and effective removal of industrial dyes. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00114-3, Mouwen DJM, Weijtens MJBM, Capita R et al (2005) Discrimination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR types of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Article However, NMR as well as FTIR supports the identification of functional groups alterations in bacteria [31, 101, 121]. Rev. Shukla, N., Liu, C., Jones, P. M. & Weller, D. FTIR study of surfactant bonding to FePt nanoparticles. 7H2O solution at normal room temperature in a 100ml Erlenmeyer flask. Langmuir 21:46314641. Appl. 36, R167 (2003). 346, 106113 (2009). doi:10.1021/la063626x, Hu X, Qiu Z, Wang Y et al (2009) Effect of ultra-strong static magnetic field on bacteria: application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy combined with cluster analysis and deconvolution. Three case studies. Springer, Berlin, Perkins DL, Lovell CR, Bronk BV et al (2004) Effects of autoclaving on bacterial endospores studied by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. FTIR spectrum of ZnO.NPs was obtained from sample deposited at . J Phys Chem A 115:1106711078. J. Mol. With this imprinting technique two to three bacterial layers can be placed on the plate. Res.
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