Villages typically have a headman (malik), a master for water distribution (mirab) and a religious teacher (mullah). [137] During his ten years at the post until 1963, Daoud Khan pressed for social modernization reforms and sought a closer relationship with the Soviet Union. Many Afghans are now involved in construction, which is one of the largest industries in the country. [496] By the 1920s, Radio Kabul was broadcasting local radio services. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the region until 305 BCE when they gave much of it to the Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty. [59], After 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan; among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. Abdul Ghafoor Breshna was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century. [453] Several mountain passes allow travel between the Hindu Kush in other areas. [61] The region of Arachosia, around Kandahar in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to Persia and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism". v t e The Taliban has ruled Afghanistan as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since taking control by force in 2021, overthrowing the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognized by the United States as a state and is known as the Taliban will send a clear message that those who pose a threat to the security of the . Ahmad Shah had captured Kabul and Peshawar from the Mughal appointed governor, Nasir Khan. Taxis are yellow in color and consist of both cars and auto rickshaws. The Islamic Emirate also said positive interaction from the international community could significantly contribute to the country's further . [498] Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) broadcast in both of Afghanistan's official languages on radio. It is also the world's largest producer of opium,[40] second largest producer of cannabis,[41] and third largest of both saffron[42] and cashmere. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan rejects the statement of the Sergei Shoigu, defense minister of the Russian Federation that armed groups from Afghanistan are a major threat to the security of the Central Asian Countries. Camels are primarily used by the Kochi nomads. [349][350] Many figures within the Taliban generally agreed that continuation of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan may, if correctly applied, be workable as the basis for the new religious state as their objections to the former government were political, and not religious. Ministry of Justice Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority,[288] whereas the UN estimates over 38.0million. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. [48] The last part of the name, "-stan", is a Persian suffix meaning "place of". He left the country for the US after the second Taliban takeover. [388], In May 2022, the Taliban dissolved Afghanistan's Human Rights Commission along with four other government departments, citing the country's budget deficit. [315][316], As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. region[107] The Durranis lost Multan in 1772 after Ahmad Shah's death, following this victory by Timur Shah, Timur Shah was able to lay siege to Multan and recapture it,[108] incorporating it into the Durrani empire once again, reintegrating it as a province until the siege of Multan (1818). [376] With implementing Sharia law offenders can be punished by death. Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (wilayat). [471] Afghan culture is deeply Islamic,[472] but pre-Islamic practices persist. During this time, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between the British Empire (in British-ruled India) and the Russian Empire. Faced with the overwhelming armed opposition, King Amanullah abdicated in January 1929, and soon after Kabul fell to Saqqawist forces led by Habibullah Kalakani. [504][503] Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include Nashenas, Ubaidullah Jan, Mahwash, Ahmad Wali, Farhad Darya, and Naghma. [482] However, many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times due to the civil wars. [144] A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces. ", "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan", "Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid? Their decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, leading to the Hellenistic reconquest by the Greco-Bactrians. Including domestic airports, there are 43. basketball team won the first team sports title at the 2010 South Asian Games. Off of sociological research data by The Asia Foundation in 2019, the Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group, comprising 39%, followed by Tajiks, comprising 37%. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, Pervez Musharraf, began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance. [431] In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. Snow leopards, Siberian tigers and brown bears live in the high elevation alpine tundra regions. [267] The country imports over $7billion worth of goods but exports only $784million, mainly fruits and nuts. [34][35] However, Dost Mohammad Khan is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first modern Afghan state. However, the Second Anglo-Afghan War saw a British victory and the successful establishment of British political influence over Afghanistan. (one of the many entities that split following the collapse of the Durrani Empire), at the Battle of Nowshera. Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province functioned as an organizational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan resistance, with the province's influential Deobandi ulama playing a major supporting role in promoting the 'jihad'. [106], Timur Shah Durrani ascended to the throne in November 1772, having defeated a coalition under Shah Wali Khan, the influential prime minister of the Durrani Empire, and Humayun Mirza. [194], In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF. Afghanistan shares its longest land border (the Durand Line) with Pakistan to the east and south, followed by borders with Tajikistan to the north-east, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the north-west, Uzbekistan to the north and China to the north-east; India recognizes a border with Afghanistan through Pakistani-administered Kashmir. [466] In the southern and eastern region, the people live according to the Pashtun culture by following Pashtunwali (the Pashtun way). [104] Ahmad Shah had launched his first invasion in 1748, crossing the indus river, his armies sacked and absorbed Lahore into the Durrani Realm. As of 2021[update], Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million[6] (officially estimated to be 32.9 million),[27] composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others. Cricket and Association football are the two most popular sports in the country. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a national bank, and increased education. [298] Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with Persian (and very often called 'Farsi' by some Afghans like in Iran) functions as the lingua franca in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country. [432] Overall the figure stands at 98.7%. ", "Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix", "Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth", "AAN Q&A: An established industry Basic facts about Afghanistan's opium-driven economy", "Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N.", "Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best", "Saffron production hits record high in Afghanistan", "Green Energy Complicates the Taliban's New Battle Against Opium: The multibillion-dollar trade has survived previous bans. [109], Zaman Shah Durrani would succeed to the Durrani Throne following the death of his father, Timur Shah Durrani. Women would normally wear a chador for head covering; some women, typically from highly conservative communities, wear the burqa, a full body covering. The Ghurids controlled Afghanistan for less than a century before being conquered by the Khwarazmian dynasty in 1215. [421], The country has significant amounts of lithium, copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other minerals. [323] As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%). [192][193] During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps, and later working with the Northern Alliance, the Taliban regime came to an end. Ethnography", in, "What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages? It has $2.8billion in external debt. He was later bestowed the title of Amir al-Mu'minin for waging Jihad against the Sikhs in 1834. [490][491] Much of lapis lazuli stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in Chinese porcelain as cobalt blue, later used in ancient Mesopotamia and Turkey.[492]. [377][378] However an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called bacha bazi persists. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is landlocked. Some regional festivals include the Pamir Festival, which celebrates the culture of the Wakhi and Kyrgyz peoples, the Red Flower Festival (during Nowruz) in Mazar-i-Sharif and the Damboora Festival in Bamyan Province. [262] The renowned Urdu poet Allama Iqbal once wrote about the country: Asia is a body of water and earth, of which the Afghan nation is the heart. [459][460] About 125 kilometres (78mi) of the line will lie on the Afghan side. Why didn't the US bid? Dost Mohammad united most of the Afghan realm in his reign, securing the last major state, Herat, in the Herat campaign of 18621863. The Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground serves as the nation's main cricket stadium. [442][443] Tourism peaked in 1977, the year before the start of political instability and armed conflict. [364] The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order: Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946. An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan, shows Afghanistan to have been a part of Indus Valley Civilization. The country has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is buzkashi, mainly popular in the north, but also having a following in other parts of the country. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2billion industry, with 22million mobile phone subscribers and 5million internet users. The Supreme Leader would preside over an executive body known Supreme Council with anywhere from 11 to 72 members. In 2012, the United States and the then-republic in Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally. [357] It was later added however that the Taliban's Rahbari Shura, the group's leadership council was divided between the hardline Haqqani Network and moderate Abdul Ghani Baradar over appointments needed to form an "inclusive" government. [230][231] However, by 6 September, the Taliban had taken control of most of Panjshir Province, with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains. [470] There are various Afghan tribes, and an estimated 23million nomads. [208] The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,[209] dropping to about 16,000 in 2018. [419] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average 460millionm3 (2.9billionbbl) of crude oil, 440billionm3 (15.7trillioncuft) of natural gas, and 67billionL (562millionUSbbl) of natural gas liquids. [399] An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year. It holds an observer status in SCO. [129] King Amanullah's wife, Queen Soraya, was an important figure during this period in the fight for woman's education and against their oppression. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilization stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilization today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. But in terms of Afghanistan having a government that all Afghan people find themselves [in], we still have a way to go. He was replaced in 1953 by Mohammed Daoud Khan, the king's cousin and brother-in-law, and a Pashtun nationalist who sought the creation of a Pashtunistan, leading to highly tense relations with Pakistan. [241][242] Akhund is one of the four founders of the Taliban[243] and was a deputy prime minister of the previous emirate; his appointment was seen as a compromise between moderates and hardliners. [438] In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque Bamyan Valley, which includes lakes, canyons and historical sites, helped by the fact it is in a safe area away from insurgent activity. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, and Nuristani. According to the report, the new government will take place within the framework of an amended 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan. [131] Prince Mohammed Nadir Shah, Amanullah's cousin, in turn defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah. [360] The acting Cabinet announced on 7 September was men-only, and the Ministry of Women's Affairs appeared to have been abolished. [105] Ahmad Shah had returned the next year in 1749, where he had captured the area around Lahore and Punjab, presenting it as an Afghan victory for this campaign. Major universities outside of Kabul include Kandahar University in the south, Herat University in the northwest, Balkh University and Kunduz University in the north, Nangarhar University and Khost University in the east. This reform saw Kabul as the modern capital of Afghanistan today. The term "Afghanistan" first appeared in 1855, during the reign of Dost Mohammad Khan.[50]. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.[366]. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden female teachers and female students from returning to secondary schools. [111] However, just under 2 years in his reign, Mahmud Shah Durrani would be deposed by his brother, Shah Shuja Durrani, on 13 July 1803. [267] The country is generally arid in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. At over 652,864km2 (252,072sqmi),[263] Afghanistan is the world's 41st largest country,[264] slightly bigger than France and smaller than Myanmar, and about the size of Texas in the United States. [511] One of the poetic styles is called landay. The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently internationally unrecognized, but has had notable unofficial ties with China, Pakistan, and Qatar. It was favored by former kings of Afghanistan and became known to much of the world in the 21st century when it was constantly worn by President Hamid Karzai. However, up to the 19th century the term Khorasan was commonly used among natives to describe their country; Sir George Elphinstone wrote with amazement that the country known to outsiders as "Afghanistan" was referred to by its own inhabitants as "Khorasan" and that the first Afghan official whom he met at the border welcomed him to Khorasan.[95][96][97][98]. The Sikh festival of Vaisakhi is celebrated by the Sikh community[521] and the Hindu festival Diwali by the Hindu community.[522]. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, amongst others, rose to form major empires. The Buddhist Turk Shahi of Kabul was replaced by a Hindu dynasty before the Saffarids conquered the area in 870, this Hindu dynasty was called Hindu Shahi. [496] Radio Television Afghanistan, originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. [162] The traditional power structure had shifted from clergy, community elders, intelligentsia and military in favor of powerful warlords. [279], Afghanistan has a continental climate with harsh winters in the central highlands, the glaciated northeast (around Nuristan), and the Wakhan Corridor, where the average temperature in January is below 15C (5F) and can reach 26C (15F),[267] and hot summers in the low-lying areas of the Sistan Basin of the southwest, the Jalalabad basin in the east, and the Turkestan plains along the Amu River in the north, where temperatures average over 35C (95F) in July[270][281] and can go over 43C (109F). [435] However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul. Afghanistan has around 350 radio stations and over 200 television stations. [403], Since the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021, the United States has frozen about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank,[404] blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts. During the first century BCE, the Parthian Empire subjugated the region but lost it to their Indo-Parthian vassals. Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel", "Afghan Vice President Saleh Declares Himself Caretaker President; Reaches Out To Leaders for Support", "Taliban says it has captured last Afghan region of resistance", "In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All", "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect', "Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 20012022 | Figures | Costs of War", "In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves", "Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader", " ", "Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan", "Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister? [466] About 15% of the population are nomadic, locally called kochis. [184][171][185][186][187][excessive citations] By 2000 the Northern Alliance only controlled 10% of territory, cornered in the north-east. [90][91], In the early 16th century, Babur arrived from Ferghana and captured Kabul from the Arghun dynasty. The Taliban will declare the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from the presidential palace in Kabul, a Taliban official announced on Sunday. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the Soviet Union and the Weimar Republic of Germany. Dost Mohammad Khan would spend most of his reign consolidating the parts of Afghanistan that were lost in the Afghan civil war which raged from 17931863. Over the years, this small community was forced leave due to decades of warfare and religious persecution. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy. In the north of the country is the Shrine of Ali, believed by many to be the location where Ali was buried. Due to the. ", "Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020", "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule", "Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban", "Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan", "The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan", "EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises", "Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government", "Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate", "Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government", "Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan", "Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar", "Securing Stability in Afghanistan, the 'Heart of Asia', "Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'? Until 1946, King Zahir ruled with the assistance of his uncle, who held the post of Prime Minister and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. [405][406], Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy[407] and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018. The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of oil painting found in cave murals in the country. [495] Later eras saw increased use of the Persian miniature style, with Kamaleddin Behzad of Herat being one of the most notable miniature artists of the Timurid and early Safavid periods. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September. Kabuli palaw is the national dish of Afghanistan. Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called Pashtunization, while some Pashtuns have been Persianized. China wins $700 million Afghan oil and gas deal. [169] The Taliban emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of students (talib) from Islamic madrassas (schools) in Pakistan,[168][170] who soon had military support from Pakistan. The Afghan Defense University was constructed near Qargha in Kabul. A year into Taliban rule, former president Hamid Karzai said in an interview: "In terms of [an] end to widespread fighting and conflict, we are happy there's more stability, there's more security. Afghanistan's sports teams are increasingly celebrating titles at international events. (2023 est.) [418] One official asserted that "this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy" and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium". [62][63][64], Alexander the Great and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier in the Battle of Gaugamela. Important dams include the Kajaki Dam, Dahla Dam, and the Sardeh Band Dam. This instigated civil war with his brothers, Mahmud Shah Durrani, and Humayun Mirza revolting against him. "[429], Access to biocapacity in Afghanistan is lower than world average. [112] Shah Shuja would attempt to consolidate the Durrani Realm, which had been long striven by civil war. Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia. [474] Child marriage is prevalent in Afghanistan;[475] the legal age for marriage is 16. [439][440] Smaller numbers visit and trek in regions such as the Wakhan Valley, which is also one of the world's most remote communities. [526] Later that year, the country's cricket team followed it with the winning of 200910 ICC Intercontinental Cup. Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including president Ashraf Ghani,[225] were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them. [227] On 17 August, first vice president Amrullah Saleh proclaimed himself caretaker president and announced the formation of an anti-Taliban front with a reported 6,000+ troops[228][229] in the Panjshir Valley, along with Ahmad Massoud. [276] They can be deadly and destructive, causing landslides in some parts or avalanches during the winter. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, poverty, and child malnutrition. [420] In 2011, Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north. However, Timur Shah had over 24 sons, a mistake that would plunge the empire in civil war over succession crises. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was led by Mullah Muhammad Omar, a local religious figure with no notable reputation in Islamic law or Afghan politics. [250] Human Rights Watch reported on 11 November 2021 that Afghanistan was facing widespread famine due to an economic and banking crisis. [39] [38] The Taliban government remains internationally unrecognized.[39]. [102] Ahmad Shah had launched two campaigns into Khorasan, (17501751) and (17541755). The most prominent state being the Emirate of Kabul, ruled by Dost Mohammad Khan after he declared himself emir in summer 1826 after he usurped the throne from his brother, Sultan Mohammad Khan. After his murder for apparent treason against the Durrani king. Most prominent example of his battles during this campaign would be where Timur Shah led his forces under Zangi Khan Durrani, with over 18,000 men total of Afghan, Qizilbash, and Mongol cavalrymen. Although initially claiming it would form an inclusive government for the country, in September 2021 the Taliban re-established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan with an interim government made up entirely of Taliban members. The country has four international airports: Hamid Karzai International Airport (formerly Kabul International Airport), Kandahar International Airport, Herat International Airport, and Mazar-e Sharif International Airport. [488], Pottery has been crafted in Afghanistan for millennia. Timur Shah would be succeeded by his son, Zaman Shah Durrani after his death on 18 or 20 May 1793. [426] Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the Hindu Kush until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. 7 September 2021 Afghan Islamic Press Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada is a political and religious leader who is the third Supreme Commander of the Taliban The Taliban took many by surprise as they. [111] However, he was forced to withdraw, with his brother, Mahmud Shah Durrani revolting, Zaman Shah would be toppled from his reign, replaced by his brother, Mahmud Shah Durrani. During this time female artists also started appearing, at first Mermon Parwin. [410], Saffron, the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly Herat Province. Download Report (PDF | 2.22 MB); Kate Clark. [55][56], Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the geographical area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west, and north. [339] Demographic and Health Surveys is working with the Indian Institute of Health Management Research and others to conduct a survey in Afghanistan focusing on maternal death, among other things. [270] The Ministry of Public Health plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020. [272], Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. [354][355][356] Government formation was further delayed with the announcement postponed to some time during the week of 6 September, due to concerns about forming a broad-based government acceptable to the international community. [358] It was speculated that the government would be announced on 11 September 2021, the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, with invitations possibly being extended to the governments of Turkey, China, Iran, Pakistan, and Qatar. A regional investigation based on fertility inhibiting determinants", "Afghanistan in 2019 A survey of the Afghan people", "The roots of Afghanistan's tribal tensions", "Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan", Dupree, Louis (1982) "Afghanistan: (iv.) There are over 100 hospitals in Afghanistan,[333] with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul. [51] Throughout millennia several cities within the modern day Afghanistan served as capitals of various empires, namely, Bactra (Balkh), Alexandria on the Oxus (Ai-Khanoum), Kapisi, Sigal, Kabul, Kunduz, Zaranj, Firozkoh, Herat, Ghazna (Ghazni), Binban (Bamyan), and Kandahar.
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