B. et al. It has the advantages of complete mineralization of dye into simple and nontoxic species with the potential to decrease the processing cost. ; Jalalah, M.; Alsaiari, M.; Al-Sayari, S.A.; Al-Assiri, M.S. Polym. Pomicpic, J.; Dancel, G.C. & Zhao, H. M. Remarkable improvement of visible light photocatalysis with PANI modified core-shell mesoporous TiO2 microspheres. Mass Spectrom.214, 247256 (2002). For more information, please refer to ; Al-Lohedan, H.A. Kahlert, H.; Meyer, G.; Albrecht, A. Colour maps of acidbase titrations with colour indicators: How to choose the appropriate indicator and how to estimate the systematic titration errors. & Honda, K. Photolysis-decomposition of water at the surface of an irradiated semiconductor. The enhancement in adsorption performance and reusability of PANI-coated membranes in comparison with non-coated ones are fully discussed. The assay of the commercial methylene blue hydrate was determined to be 97.2 (w/w)% by this method, thus the dye was used without further drying or purification. The weak \(n \rightarrow \pi^*\) absorption near 300 nm has an = 100. 340, 917 (2015). ; El-Azabawy, R.E. Sharma, C.P. ; Yin, D.; Ouyang, Y.; Xiao, S.; Liu, B.; Deng, L.; Li, L.; Guo, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, J.; et al. Appl. The decrease in . Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Various nanomaterials have been reported for this purpose, including ZnS [, MB is a solid, odourless, dark green powder at room temperature and yields a blue solution when dissolved in water [, MB has a characteristic deep blue colour in the oxidized state and is colourless in the reduced form; leucoMB [, MB is an attractive molecule with various properties useful for biomedical applications and is used as an effective therapeutic agent to treat anaemia, malaria, and Barretts oesophagus [, MB was the first synthetic antimalarial used during the late 19th and the early 20th centuries against all types of malaria and can also act as a chloroquine sensitizer [, MB dye has many potential applications in the textile, pharmaceutical, paper, dyeing, printing, paint, medicine, and food industries [, Textile industries usually release a large amount of MB dyes in natural water sources, which becomes a health threat to human beings and microbes [, Treatment of wastewater containing MB dye before discharging into the environment is of great importance due to its harmful impacts on water quality and perception [, Over the last few decades, multi-component photocatalysis of organic pollutants using semiconducting NPs has received increased attention because it is a cost-effective, environmentally-friendly, and easy technique for wastewater treatment containing hazardous pollutants [, MB is a representative organic dye and stable under visible light irradiation [, All these reactive radical species take part in the direct photolysis of MB dye [. Surface modification of mixed-phase hydrogenated TiO2 and corresponding photocatalytic response. Improvements to the photocatalytic efficiency of polyaniline modified TiO2 nanoparticles. Foo, K. Y. Adsorption isotherms have also been performed and the adsorption process has been tested according to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Zeleke, M.A. Visible light photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli with TiO2-graphene nanocomposite sensitized with tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin. (6 and 7), respectively39,41: where q is the equilibrium adsorption capacity at certain MB concentration (mgg1), Ceq is MB equilibrium concentration (mgL1), b is Langmuir constant, Qmax refers to maximum adsorption capacity (mgg1), KF is Freundlich constant and n is a heterogeneity index. ; Juan, J.C. Zhu, L.; Hong, M.; Ho, G.W. Technol Salem, M. A., Al-Ghonemiy, A. F. & Zaki, A. Study of Methylene Blue Degradation by Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized within Natural Zeolites. ; Vallejo, W.; Chaves-Lpez, C. Bio-Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Galactomyces geotrichum KL20A. Faisal, M.; Harraz, F.A. Hazard. ; Santos-Cruz, J.; Quiones-Galvn, J.G. Ahmad, A.; Mohd-Setapar, S.H. 1. ; Pal, U. Plasmon induced enhanced photocatalytic activity of gold loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for methylene blue degradation under visible light. This result is in perfect match with the experimental results that show that the adsorption performance of the coated membranes is better than non-coated ones. ; Lu, J. Photodegradation is found to be an effective and economical approach for the complete decolourization and mineralization of MB dye into nontoxic species. Novel Bacteria-Immobilized Cellulose Acetate/Poly(ethylene oxide) Nanofibrous Membrane for Wastewater Treatment. Google Scholar. This paper identifies strategies for the development of effective MB photodegradation systems. Manimohan, M.; Pugalmani, S.; Ravichandran, K.; Sithique, M.A. ; Gomes, R.G. These investigations will not only remove the MB from the aqueous medium but also help to generate a variety of lower molecular products. The same procedure was used for PAN membrane preparation from polymer solution in DMF (4.5% w/w) and using the following parameters: the distance between the injector head and the flat collector was 20cm, the electrospinning time was 30min and the value of applied voltage was 15kV. Aziz et al., prepared an electrospun multilayered composite membrane of silk fibroin/PAN with different ratio of PANI/TiO2 nanoparticles, which finally was used as a filter for anionic HFGR black dye28. Lu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, S. Graphene quantum dots enhanced photocatalytic activity of zinc porphyrin toward the degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Lee, H.; Park, S.H. Switchable hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface of electrospun poly (l-lactide) membranes obtained by CF4 microwave plasma treatment. Nevertheless, preparing an efficient, wide bandgap photocatalyst is still challenging. Allouche, F.N. Cusioli, L.F.; Quesada, H.B. W. P. Dong contributed to the characterization of samples. Cheng, S.; Oatley, D.L. Phytoremediation of methylene blue using duckweed (Lemna minor). \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} T}\), $$\frac{{C}_{eq}}{q}=\frac{1}{b{Q}_{max}}+\frac{{C}_{eq}}{{Q}_{max}}$$, $$log q=log {K}_{F}+\frac{1}{n}log {C}_{eq}$$, $$ \log (q_{e} - q_{t} ) = - \frac{{k_{1} t}}{2.303} + \log q_{e} $$, $$ \frac{t}{{q_{t} }} = \frac{1}{{k_{2} .q_{e}^{2} }} + \frac{t}{{q_{e} }} $$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69825-y. N.M. and Y.A. The concentration of MB in the solution was determined by measuring UV-Vis absorbance at 665 nm wavelength which represents the maximum absorption wavelength of methylene blue. Sci When irradiated with laser light ( = 635 nm, P 0 = 7 mW), methylene blue loses its characteristic blue color band, and this phenomenon is called photobleaching of methylene blue. Selvam, S.; Sarkar, I. Bile salt induced solubilization of methylene blue: Study on methylene blue fluorescence properties and molecular mechanics calculation. ; Kim, S.W. Wen, J. Q. et al. The flow rate of the polymer solution was fixed at 1mLh1, and the distance between the injector head and the flat collector was set at 13cm. ; Rathinam, V.; Palaninathan, J. Photodegradation activity of yttrium-doped SnO, Chen, Y.; Xiang, Z.; Wang, D.; Kang, J.; Qi, H. Effective photocatalytic degradation and physical adsorption of methylene blue using cellulose/GO/TiO, Alkaykh, S.; Mbarek, A.; Ali-Shattle, E.E. ; El-Sheikh, S.M. ; Wong, Y.S. Morphology: morphology is a key that provides the exposed area to sunlight. The regeneration and reuse of the prepared membranes to re-adsorb MB were also investigated. Online J. Dyes Pigm.65, 5159 (2005). ; Wang, J.; Zhou, S. One-Pot Syntheses of Porous Hollow Silica Nanoreactors Encapsulating Rare Earth Oxide Nanoparticles for Methylene Blue Degradation. Pham, V.L. Prasert, A.; Sontikaew, S.; Sriprapai, D.; Chuangchote, S. Polypropylene/ZnO Nanocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Photocatalytic Dye Degradation, and Antibacterial Property. Salgado, B.C.B. ; Shankar, V.K. ; Kim, T.Y. SWOT-SOR Analysis of Activated Carbon-Based Technologies and O, Editorial to Efficient Catalytic and Microbial Treatment of Water Pollutants, Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries, Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Study of Basic Red 5 on Synthesized Silica Monolith Particles, Efficient Catalytic and Microbial Treatment of Water Pollutants, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2015/562693/, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/267/1/012035, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6409, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, skeleton stretching vibration of the benzene ring, stretching vibration of CN in aromatic amines, stretching vibration of CN in the aliphatic chain, bending band of N-H and C-N from the amide III, absorption of CH in-plane bending vibration, Ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal synthesis, Probably due to the synergistic effect between the components of the nanocomposite, Synergistic effects between ZnO nanorods and activated carbon fibers (ACFs), Efficient dye adsorption on bentonite and high surface of immobilized SnO, Sol-gel and oxidative polymerization techniques, Perfect synchronization and synergistic effect of both PTh and ZnO, The elements presents in abalone shell doped into the substitutional sites of TiO. C ; Andhika, I.F. Aniline monomer was oxidized by APS and was doped by chlorine ions. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Appl. PAN/PANI membrane has smooth nanofibers as PAN membrane, but with higher diameter of about 418nm owing to PANI deposition. Sithole, R.K.; Machogo, L.F.E. The reactive radicals generated in the single-component and multicomponent photocatalysis are h, The photodegradation efficiency of MB is significantly influenced by the type of the catalyst and its concentration. Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution using untreated and treated (Metroxylon spp.) Desalin. Environ. Using the contact angle method, the wettability of the prepared membranes was measured. 12 and 13, respectively. ; Akram, N.; Khalid, S.; Adeel, M.; Nisar, A.; Sherazi, S. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO, Yang, C.; Dong, W.; Cui, G.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, X.; Xia, X.; Tang, B.; Wang, W. Highly-efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by PoPD-modified TiO, Pan, X.; Cheng, S.; Su, T.; Zuo, G.; Zhao, W.; Qi, X.; Wei, W.; Dong, W. Fenton-like catalyst Fe. Fabrication of novel type visible-light-driven TiO, Hendekhale, N.R. The porosity slightly decreases upon coating. Ali Baig, A.B. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The increase in the wettability of the membrane enhances the interactions between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. when studying the adsorption of MB on wheat straw-derived biochar36. Wang, D. et al. Res.41, 36883695 (2002). Efficient dye nanofiltration of a graphene oxide membrane: Via combination with a covalent organic framework by hot pressing. Zhao, Z. et al. Zhong, F.; Wang, P.; He, Y.; Chen, C.; Li, H.; Yu, H.; Chen, J. The amount of -carrageenan leached from the gels during swelling was determined spectrophotometrically, based on the. A few examples are displayed below. J. Appl. ; Rodero, A.; Jimnez-Sanchidrin, C.; Romero-Salguero, F.J. Microwave atmospheric pressure plasma jets for wastewater treatment: Degradation of methylene blue as a model dye. Biomol. Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell-derived activated carbon-chitosan composite. ; Parhi, P.K. Koyuncu, H.; Kul, A.R. CAS Zhou, S.; Du, Z.; Li, X.; Zhang, Y.; He, Y.; Zhang, Y. Degradation of methylene blue by natural manganese oxides: Kinetics and transformation products. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by titanium dioxide: Experimental and modeling study. ; Hahn, S.H. ; Morad, N.; Ooi, J.Q. Parakala, S.; Moulik, S.; Sridhar, S. Effective separation of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by integration of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration with vacuum membrane distillation. Methylene blue, with an absorption maximum at 668 nm in visible light region, as shown in Figure 6, is usually used in mixed indicators or as a redox indicator. Baar, C. A. Applicability of the various adsorption models of three dyes adsorption onto activated carbon prepared waste apricot. B. Programmable syringe pump (TOP-5300, Japan) was used to prepare the electrospun membranes. ; Bomfeti, C.A. Liu, Q.-X. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Bigeleisen J. Dimeric and Other Forms of Methylene Blue: Absorption and Fluorescence of the Pure Monomer. The PLLA and PAN membranes were prepared by electrospinning starting from homogenous solutions as reported elsewhere32, as follows: PLLA electrospinning solution was obtained by dissolving PLLA granules in DCM (6% w/w) under magnetic stirring for 6h. Then, 1wt% of the TBAB is added to the polymer solution during stirring to enhance the electrical conductivity. 15 and 16, respectively. Sharma, N., Tiwari, D. P. & Singh, S. K. Decolourisation of synthetic dyes by agricultural wasteA review. All other reagents were analytical and also used without any further purification. ; Fazle Kibria, A.K.M. The APS solution is then dropped on the membrane for 30min. The effect of (m/v) ratio of membrane weight to volume of adsorbate solution, adsorbent dosage, was studied while keeping constant the following parameters: concentration of methylene blue (250mgL1), pH=6 and temperature at 20C for the four prepared membranes. Rahmat, M.; Rehman, A.; Rahmat, S.; Bhatti, H.N. Sci ; Chvez-Chvez, A.; Santana-Aranda, M.A. 112, 1494314947 (2008). TiO2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets for photocatalytic applications. ; Akl, M.A. Phys. ; de Souza Santos, L.V. ; Mabayoje, O.; Xiao, P.; Zhang, Y.; Mullins, C.B. Oxidative solution polymerization of aniline hydrochloride onto electrospun nanofibers mats of polylactic acid: Preparation method and characterization. ; Privitera, V.; Impellizzeri, G. Novel synthesis of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications. Therefore, an efficient strategy for crafting a highly effective photocatalyst is designing a multi-component photocatalyst in which a narrow bandgap photocatalyst composites the wide bandgap photocatalyst. Google Scholar. Photolysis and photocatalysis of methylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. ; Sami, R.M. Crini, G.; Lichtfouse, E. Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Ind. Res.26, 3728237295 (2019). From the Figs. Water Air Soil Pollut.29, 273283 (1986). 377, 149158 (2016). Guergueb, M.; Nasri, S.; Brahmi, J.; Loiseau, F.; Molton, F.; Roisnel, T.; Guerineau, V.; Turowska-Tyrk, I.; Aouadi, K.; Nasri, H. Effect of the coordination of -acceptor 4-cyanopyridine ligand on the structural and electronic properties of: Meso-tetra(para-methoxy) and meso-tetra(para-chlorophenyl) porphyrin cobalt(ii) coordination compounds. Alencar, L.V.T.D. Sabar, S.; Abdul Aziz, H.; Yusof, N.H.; Subramaniam, S.; Foo, K.Y. Zhang, L.C. Sci Rep 10, 13412 (2020). Appl. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Mansour, H. B. et al. Wang, H. L., Zhao, D. Y. Abdelrahman, E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. ; Luo, K. Effect of humic acid on the degradation of methylene blue by peroxymonosulfate. Surf. The use of PANI-based membranes prepared by electrospinning technique, to treat wastewater, is a new trend and there are few studies on that. CAS The estimated values of the constants of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms are listed in Tables 6 and 7, respectively. & Arkan, E. Electrospun silk fibroin/PAN double-layer nanofibrous membranes containing polyaniline/TiO2 nanoparticles for anionic dye removal. Figure10 shows the effect of temperature on adsorption capacity and the removal efficiency by the different membranes, respectively. The adsorption capacity decreases when the ratio increases. ; Wilson, L.D. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242, Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I, Zhang B, Hendi AH, Ahmad A, Ahmad S, Zada N, Ahmad H, Shah LA, Shah T, Khan I. Sarfraz, N.; Khan, I.; Sarfaraz, N.; Khan, I.; Sarfraz, N.; Khan, I. Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs): Properties, Synthesis and their Advanced Energy, Environmental and Biomedical Applications. Google Scholar. Appl. ; Tai, X.H. ; Khaleel, A.; Ahmed, A. Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue using a mixed catalyst and product analysis by LC/MS. Gu, W.; Teng, F. SPR-promoted visible-light photocatalytic activity of Bi/ZIF hybrids. The DC-conductivity was measured by four-probe technique by KEITHELY-220 programmable current source and KEITHELY-617 programmable electrometer. Photodegradation is an advanced oxidation process widely used for MB removal. This study describes a multi-wavelength spectroscopic method for the determination of carboxyl group content of nanocellulose. ; Nguyen, V.T. A sustainable process for adsorptive removal of methylene blue onto a food grade mucilage: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium evaluation. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. In this regard, various naturally available supports, especially the plant bio sorbents, still possess enough potential. 13. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Morphology studies of the prepared membranes were conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM) using Tescan Vega-II XMU SEM. Today Characterization and photocatalytic activity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-modified TiO2 for degradation of methyl orange under visible light. ; Kurniawan, S.B. 1137. Mutual interplay of ZnO micro- and nanowires and methylene blue during cyclic photocatalysis process. Chem. ; Yuan, Q. Facile ball-milling synthesis of CeO, Vavilapalli, D.S. Comparison of TiO. 377, 221227 (2016). makes highly coloured sub-products. ; Sabri, A.A.; Alazawi, R.A. Tadkar, P.S. 36, 20492070 (2015). De Crozals, G.; Farre, C.; Sigaud, M.; Fortgang, P.; Sanglar, C.; Chaix, C. Methylene blue phosphoramidite for DNA labelling. Effect of pH on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of different catalysts on removal of methylene blue. The researchers were particularly interested in developing cheaper adsorbents from some materials such as teakwood, clay, rice husk, orange peel, activated sludge, etc.14,15,16,17,18. Chem. Staro, P.; Chwastowski, J.; Banach, M. Sorption behavior of methylene blue from aqueous solution by raphia fibers. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Rahimnejad, M.; Najafpour, G.D.; Ghoreyshi, A.A.; Shakeri, M.; Zare, H. Methylene blue as electron promoters in microbial fuel cell. However, for the four types of membranes both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms might to a certain extent describe the same set of adsorption data at the studied concentration range of MB. Sci.135, 45858 (2018). ; Rahmat, R.; Nazir, A. Another critical aspect, which can be further investigated, is to convert the MB to beneficial and viable products via in situ bioconversion approaches. Chinese. Surf. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. The negative values of all the calculated heat of adsorption of the four membranes suggest that the adsorption process is exothermic. The following parameters were fixed during the experiments at different pH values: methylene blue concentration is of 250mgL1 at 20C and adsorbent dosage m/v=1/1gL1. The membranes were immersed in the prepared solutions for 24h at room temperature with the adsorbent dosage of (m/v=1/1gL1). PubMed According to the results of Table 9, one can readily infer that the current PANI-coated membranes exhibit excellent adsorption performance (Qmax equals 0.747 and 1.244mmolg1 for PLLA/PANI and PAN/PANI membranes, respectively) in comparison with other electrospun membranes. The spectrum of the unsaturated ketone (on the left) illustrates the advantage of a logarithmic display of molar absorptivity. Photosensitization of TiO, Ashraf, M.; Khan, I.; Baig, N.; Hendi, A.H.; Ehsan, M.F. Chem.3, 3 (2012). Sci In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Lin, J.; Luo, Z.; Liu, J.; Li, P. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution by using ZnO-SnO. Chinese. Catal. 19, show the possibility of re-using the membranes several times. They linked this decrease to the fact that MB undergoes hydrolysis in water, and the existing forms in water include both the well accepted \(M{B}^{+}\) and the hydrolyzed form of \(M{B}^{+}\), (i.e. 9, 112 (2008). Hazard. Anushree, C.; Philip, J. Available online: Krishnan, S.; Rawindran, H.; Sinnathambi, C.M. Chinese. Lpez-Carballo, G.; Muriel-Galet, V.; Hernndez-Muoz, P.; Gavara, R. Gavara Chromatic Sensor to Determine Oxygen Presence for Applications in Intelligent Packaging. ; Ibrahim, I.; Falaras, P. Bifunctional g-C. Rauf, M.A. ; Sousa, P.A.A. The removal efficiency increases with the increase of the dosage ratio. Rajendran, S.; Khan, M.M. 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