Kandwal, M.K. Saccharum barberi was only cultivated in India after the introduction of S. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. Native Range: Tropical southeastern Asia, Polynesia. Flora of China 22: 1-733. Approximately half of the world's cane sugar is grown in India and Brazil. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. Las gramneas (Poaceae) de Cuba, I. Fontqueria 46: [iii], 1259. (2011). The EWG VERIFIED mark means a product meets EWG's strictest criteria for transparency and health. The stems and the byproducts of the sugar industry are used for feeding to livestock. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Cyprus, The practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, therefore, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%). [failed verification][41]. The foliage colors vary depending on the cultivar, but the grass tends to be large and richly green with very sharp edges that require care when handling. Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. Artschwager & Brandes in U.S. Dept. You can also bury the cutting horizontally into the soil. The majority of the roots are thin and superficial with four fifths of the roots commonly found in the top 25 - 50cm of the soil. Brit. Texas, About 70% of the sugar produced globally comes from S. officinarum and hybrids using this species. [66][67] Generally, it is recommended that sugarcane is not planted in areas with a slope greater than 8%. Fosberg, F.R. Report. Saccharum officinarum appears to have derived from selection and domestication of S. robustum. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. [9] As its specific name (officinarum, "of dispensaries") implies, it is also used in traditional medicine both internally and externally. (1957). & Dilwakar, P.G. [11][12], The two centers of domestication for sugarcane are one for Saccharum officinarum by Papuans in New Guinea and another for Saccharum sinense by Austronesians in Taiwan and southern China. Flowering Time: Late Winter/Early Spring. The conditions where the indentured servants worked were frequently abysmal, owing to a lack of care among the planters. The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. Subtropical region - It is cultivated in tropical fields. The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw cane. An important new book from PFAF. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. Bases Documentales para la Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial; Plantas vascularis y hongos: 1-414. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean (and the New World) during his second voyage to the Americas, initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In 2020, global production of sugarcane was 1.87billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 40% of the world total, India with 20%, and China producing 6% (table). Saccharum officinarum L., 1753. There are three types of sugar cane. [2] (2008). Inventario preliminar de las plantas utilizadas para elaborar artesanas en Colombia. The Persians and Greeks encountered the famous "reeds that produce honey without bees" in India between the sixth and fourth centuries BC. Cmara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. Gramies des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. numration des plantes vasculaires du Sngal: 1-209. Follow the directions on the seed packet and you should see germination in two weeks. Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris. Mexico Northwest, Morocco, Guatemala, (1968). West Himalaya, : 54 (1753) This species is accepted The native range of this species is New Guinea. [6], lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Prop. [76] Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations. Equatorial Guinea, Gemma Johnstone is a gardening expert who has written 120-plus articles for The Spruce covering how to care for a large variety of plants from all over the world. They are placed in the ground with only 2 - 5cm of the cutting projecting above the surface. C.F.P.von Martius & auct. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Suriname. Please give what you can to help us complete this work. The fire burns up dry leaves, and chases away or kills venomous snakes, without harming the stalks and roots. Type a value in the Celsius field to convert the value to Fahrenheit: Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form. Niue, Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. & Huber, O. Sugarcane is an important sugar and energy crop in the world. If this happens, it is usually best to cut the plant back and remove dead, withered foliage for a tidier appearance. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A. Wood, J.R.I. [53] Beginning around 6,000 BP, several strains were selectively bred from the native Saccharum robustum. When irrigated, yields of 100 - 150 tons of cane can be obtained from mature plants[418 ]. (1996). & Velayos, M. Sugar cane is commercially grown as an annual and is propagated from stem cuttings. [30][32], Between 1863 and 1900, merchants and plantation owners in Queensland and New South Wales (now part of the Commonwealth of Australia) brought between 55,000 and 62,500 people from the South Pacific Islands to work on sugarcane plantations. Tonga, Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517. You will receive a range of benefits including: Philippines, Marquesas, CONABIO, Mxico city. Stalks are long and skinny, ranging from 2 to 8 meters in height but only 2 to 8 centimeters in width. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville. Saccharum officinarum (SAK-har-um of-fee-shee-NAR-um) means "sugar of the shops." Officinarum comes from Latin and the Romans. Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Mller, J. V. & Toll, J. It is a useful agricultural product that will be the raw material of sugar. Pitcairn Is., World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Instituto de Investigacin de Recursos Biolgicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Ndabaneze, P. (1989). 12: 154 (1855), nom. However, it's typical to grow chewing or syrup varieties in a residential garden. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. nud. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Beginning at around 6,000BP it was selectively bred from the native Saccharum robustum. Bagasse is usually burned to produce steam, which in turn creates electricity. Sugarcane reeds are used to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. Cayman Is., Myanmar, Poaceae (Gramineae). During its optimum growth period in the summer, sugar cane requires fertilizer feedings every week. Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature, constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. sept. 2005: 1-158. Cuba, East Himalaya, Maldives, This process has a very beneficial effect[459 ]. Interesting annual accent. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo. Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. A special thanks to Ken Fern for some of the information used on this page. Senegal, (ed.) [48], Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. [29] The first ships carrying indentured labourers from India left in 1836. Since the lower heating value of sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse. Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. The Royal Horticultural Society is the UKs leading gardening charity. Runion, Henty, E.E. Saccharum officinarum. Rwanda, [62] The average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2020 was 71 tonnes per hectare, led by Peru with 123 tonnes per hectare. A number of countries, in particular those lacking fossil fuels, have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize the energy used in cane processing, and export any excess electricity to the grid. The resulting 'noble canes' were those grown in . Between 1904 and 1908, most of the 10,000 remaining workers were deported in an effort to keep Australia racially homogeneous and protect white workers from cheap foreign labour.[33]. Bagasse, the residual dry fiber of the cane after cane juice has been extracted, is used for several purposes:[58]. Burkina, Flora und Fauna der Comoren: 428-480. de Cordemoy, E.J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Hawaii, A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Honduras, Toil in the sugar plantations became a main basis for a vast network of forced population movement, supplying people to work under brutal coercion. Many others were paid very low wages. A skilled harvester can cut 500kg (1,100lb) of sugarcane per hour. Worldwide, 26 million hectares were devoted to sugarcane cultivation in 2020. Winter hardy to USDA Zones 9-10 where it is grown in consistently moist but well-drained soils in full sun. Propagate by division or rooting stem sections. They are jointed, nodes being present at the bases of the alternate leaves. Akogninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Austoft also developed a series of hydraulic high-lift infield transporters to work alongside its harvesters to allow even more rapid transfer of cane to, for example, the nearest railway siding. The definitions of the Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)-derived ingredients included in this review are provided in Table 1; the generic CAS number for the majority of these ingredients is 91722-22-4.1 Sugarcane is a perennial grass, indigenous to tropical south and southeast Asia.3 The plant is currently cultivated in many regions, namely Br. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/, GBIF.org (2021). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Prncipe, S.Tom, and Annobon). (2010). Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. Food Plants International. In hand harvesting, the field is first set on fire. Young plants can yield 60 - 90 tons[418 ]. Windward Is., Dominican Republic, Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. Bloom Color: White/Near White. The plants are 2-6 m (6-20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, [1] which accumulates in the stalk internodes. In order to improve the sugarcane quality, breeders . She has 30 years of experience propagating and growing fruits, vegetables, herbs, and ornamentals. (1984). & Diniz, M.A. EIA estimates that with an integrated sugar cane to ethanol technology, the well-to-wheels CO2 emissions can be 90% lower than conventional gasoline. The passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act led to the abolition of slavery through most of the British Empire, and many of the emancipated slaves no longer worked on sugarcane plantations when they had a choice. Brazil West-Central, Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. [50][51] Coating seeds with the bacteria is a newly developed technology that can enable every crop species to fix nitrogen for its own use. Or, you can grow the plants in containers that can be overwintered indoors. of Forests, LAE, New Guinea. In about two weeks from planting the 'eyes' at each node will send forth shoots, and roots will grow from the nodes themselves. As of September2021[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[4], Placed in Lasiorhachis by Plants of the World Online as of September2021[update]:[14], Placed in Tripidium by Plants of the World Online as of September2021[update]:[15], Numerous species are now considered better suited in other genera: Andropogon, Chloris, Digitaria, Eriochrysis, Eulalia, Gynerium, Hemarthria, Imperata, Lophopogon, Melinis, Miscanthus, Panicum, Pappophorum, Paspalum, Perotis, Pogonatherum, Pseudopogonatherum, Spodiopogon, and Tricholaena. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153. [2] All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Description:saccharum officinarum extract is an extract of the sugar cane, saccharum officinarum l., poaceae CAS #:91722-22-4 | EC #:294-424-5 Details Also known as Sugarcane, Saccharum Officinarum is a handy moisturizing ingredientmostly used as a humectant. & Atha, D.E. With a sterilized gardening cutting tool, take a 4- to 6-inch piece of a healthy stem that has at least two internodes in the upper part of the stem. Benin, Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Mechanical harvesting uses a combine, or sugarcane harvester. Large container. The second term "cane" began to be used alongside it as the crop was grown on plantations in the Caribbean; gana is the Hindi word for sugarcane (gana = cane). R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington. As the shoots develop, the parent stem decays and the young plants produce roots of their own[459 ]. [21][22][23][24] Around the eighth century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. Malaya, Bangladesh, Saccharum officinarum juice (SOJ) is a widely consumed, energy-rich, nutritious substance that has many minerals and enzymes. Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. After harvest, the crop produces sugar juice and bagasse, the fibrous dry matter. Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. (2021). This is a larval host plant that supports various skipper larvae and Common Wood-Nymph (Cercyonis pegala) which have one brood from late May to October. Well-grown plants can become invasive[200 ]. (1994). From New Guinea it spread westwards to Island Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where . [60] It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product. Vigosa-Mercado, J.L. Sugar cane typically produces flower spikes in the fall, although these will only bloom on plants being grown as perennials rather than annuals. & Vaughan, R.E. Flora de Nicaragua. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co, Crop wild relative Inventory https://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ in The State of the Worlds Plants Report2016. Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. Nauru, The need for sugar crop laborers became a major driver of large migrations, some people voluntarily accepting indentured servitude[6] and others forcibly imported as slaves. It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Saccharum officinarum is a PERENNIAL growing to 6 m (19ft) by 1.5 m (5ft) at a fast rate. A dry spell will be beneficial for slowing growth and increasing sugar production in the lower part of the stalks. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Amer. & Camus, A. in H. Lecomte (1922). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ecuador, The stem also produces wax which can be used in the production of furniture, shoe, leather polishes, electrical insulating material, and waxed paper. ; Saccharum sinense Roxb. Med. Balick, M.J., Nee, M.H. Diazgranados et al. The plant's favorite type of soil, however, is deep and friable (crumbly). El Salvador, Current technologies, such as those in use in Mauritius, produce over 100 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse. Saccharum officinarum. Sugarcane is a cash crop, but it is also used as livestock fodder. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. It is now grown in more than 70 countries, mostly in the tropics. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Willis, K.J. Pleione 2: 98-105. Pandey, R.P. & al. Phan. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223. Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Tchad Mridional: 1-289. Gard. Bahamas, Datta, B.K., Saha, R. Roy, M. & Majumder, K. (2008). [3], Saccharum officinarum, a perennial plant, grows in clumps consisting of a number of strong unbranched stems. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role. Fundacin Instituto Botnico de Venezuela. Vanuatu, A mature stalk is typically composed of 1116% fiber, 1216% soluble sugars, 23% nonsugar carbohydrates, and 6373% water. Backhuys Publishers. [66], Sugarcane processing produces a wide variety of pollutants, including heavy metals and bagasse, which can be released into the environment through wastewater discharge. Fig. Barbara Gillette is a Master Gardener, herbalist, beekeeper, and journalist. [66] Seven countries around the world devote more than 50% of their land to the cultivation of sugarcane. S. spontaneum is a tropical grass species believed to have played a key role in the evolution of cultivated, or ratoon sugarcane (S. officinarum).The chromosome number ranges between 2n = 40 and 2n = 128. 2, 5: 1-650. (2008). They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture. Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. The production of ethanol from sugarcane is more energy efficient than from corn or sugar beets or palm/vegetable oils, particularly if cane bagasse is used to produce heat and power for the process. Comoros, Robertson, S.A. (1989). The young, unexpanded flower head of Saccharum edule (duruka) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in Southeast Asia, such as certain island communities of Indonesia as well as in Oceanic countries like Fiji. (2006). Nature Sustainability 2:736-741. fvers. Chap. Angola, We rely on donations from our users to keep maintaining and extending our free-to-use database of over 8000 edible and useful plants. The early domesticated clones represented selection for multicolored stalks, high sap sucrose concentration, relatively low fiber, large diameter stalks, and limited tillering and flowering. [4], Last edited on 18 November 2022, at 19:39, Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, "Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum", "Plants & Fungi: Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharum_officinarum&oldid=1122648594, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 19:39.
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