hydrometallurgical recycling process

In those circumstances, gold is typically extracted by using cyanide leaching, which forms a stable goldcyanide complex[Au(CN)2]: \[ 4Au_{(s)} + 8NaCN_{(aq)} + O_{2(g)} + 2H_2O_{(l)} \rightarrow 4Na[Au(CN)_2]_{(aq)} + 4NaOH_{(aq)} \label{23.3.1}\]. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. { "23.1:_Occurance_and_Distribution_of__Metals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.2:_Pyrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.3:_Hydrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.4:_Electrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.5:_Metallic_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.6:_Alloys" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.7:_Transition_Metals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.8:_Chemistry_of_Selected_Transition_Metals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.E:_Metals_and_Metallurgy_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01._Introduction:_Matter_and_Measurement" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02._Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03._Stoichiometry:_Calculations_with_Chemical_Formulas_and_Equations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04._Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05._Thermochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06._Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07._Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08._Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09._Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Solids_and_Modern_Materials" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Properties_of_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Chemical_Kinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Chemical_Equilibrium" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_AcidBase_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Additional_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Chemistry_of_the_Environment" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Chemical_Thermodynamics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Electrochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Chemistry_of_the_Nonmetals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Metals_and_Metallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Chemistry_of_Coordination_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Chemistry_of_Life:_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_Missouri%2FMU%253A__1330H_(Keller)%2F23%253A_Metals_and_Metallurgy%2F23.3%253A_Hydrometallurgy, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), To convert yellowcake into weapons grade quality, it is converted into uranium hexafluoride (\, (UF_6\) ore to be isotopically enriched. Finally in Fig. Novel Lead Battery Recycling Process Combining - Springer pH adjustment was considered a simple step in the hydrometallurgy process, but its complicated operation was ignored in the past. The demand for battery minerals is increasing sharply with the ongoing transition to clean energy sources. Silicon compounds are one of the main impurities leached alongside the valuable metals and in this work, the silicon compounds leached are reduced significantly with the aim of avoiding the de-silication post-processing of the leach liquor. Metsos hydrometallurgical black mass recycling process enables the treatment of mechanically separated and shredded batteries for recovering battery raw materials like nickel, cobalt, and lithium, as well as manganese and copper. 8. Cao, Y., Yuan, J., Du, H., Dreisinger, D. & Li, M. A clean and efficient approach for recovery of vanadium and tungsten from spent SCR catalyst. The experiment was performed for 180min under the condition of a reaction temperature of 90C, a high liquid ratio of 20mL/g, and the particle size of 75m using 1.0mol/L concentration of oxalic acid, the results showed a 84% of V and 96% of Fe leached. Dr. Jung was appointed as the Director of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Center at the Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University from 2018 to 2022. Effects of temperature at the time of roasting process (s=solid, aq=aqueous) in the (a) leaching of vanadium and tungsten and (b) in the concentration of Si leached. 4c) the rod structures show a smooth texture. Hydrometallurgy involves the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials.This process is used in extraction of less electro positive or less reactive metals like gold and silver. Widi ASTUTI | Researcher | Doctor of Engineering | Indonesian Institute One of the most common and effective catalyst are SCR catalysts consisting of V2O5WO3/TiO2 which, generally have very high Ti, W and V content, consequently it can be an economic and environmental feasible option to recover and reuse them. Perspective on pH adjustment in hydrometallurgical recycling of Chem. Part II. Moon, G., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. Y. Li-Cycle: Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries CAS 60, 13061316 (2017). 5 corresponding to the EDS analysis of the raw spent SCR catalyst it can be appreciated that there is a clear silicon and calcium rod structure in the middle covered mainly in tungsten. Precipitation is the selective removal of a compound of the targeted metal or removal of a major impurity by precipitation of one of its compounds. 246, 118990 (2020). Correspondence to Metso launches new recycling process for battery black mass To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wastewater treatment system designs deserve proper consideration and evaluation, especially at recycling facilities that use hydrometallurgical processes. Lead acid battery recycling for the twenty-first century The leachate was adsorbed using a strong base anion exchange resin (Amberlite IRA900), and the divalent WO4- was selectively separated under high pH conditions18. The leaching efficiency of vanadium, tungsten and the silicon impurity was compared based on the premise that the phase of the roasting agent, either NaOH solid or NaOH solution, affects the leaching conditions of the title metals and the amount of silicon impurity leached. The Beverley uranium deposit is an example of in-situ leaching and also Trojan Mine in Zimbabwe. The roasting experiments were performed at temperatures ranging 773 to 1173K and time variation from 30 to 180min to understand the effect of the reaction temperature and reaction time. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Hydrometallurgical Treatment Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Foil Current Collector These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. In the soda roasting process, the reaction temperature is a very important factor in the conversion of V2O5 and WO3 to NaVO3 and Na2WO4 from the feedstock. Hydrometallurgical recycling of EV lithium-ion - ScienceDirect Slider with three articles shown per slide. Ti, W, and V remanufactured after recovery can be used as raw materials for new catalysts or as raw materials in other industries4,12,13. The LithoRec Process | SpringerLink This paper presents a promising hydrometallurgical process to recover precious metals . Life cycle assessment of lithiumion battery recycling using He is a recipient of the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Fellowship of Germany (2015), the 6th Hubei National Telent Plan Award (2016), the Sichuan-1000 Plan (2019), and the Overseas, Hong Kong & Macao Scholars Collaborated Researching Fund of China (2014). RECYCLING magazine provides independent, deeply investigated information about all aspects of secondary raw materials. Legal. obtained an almost complete leaching of vanadium and tungsten in a 1h interval, however they did not consider the amount of silicon leached alongside the title metals26. Prod. Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials provides a comprehensive review of the available hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion cathode active materials. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the phase and reaction temperature of NaOH used as a roasting agent in the amount of vanadium, tungsten and silicon present in the leaching solution. Metso's hydrometallurgical black mass recycling process enables the treatment of mechanically separated and shredded batteries for recovering battery raw materials like nickel, cobalt, and . (2016) studied the reprocessing of tungsten from spent SCR catalyst (honeycomb type) by alkali leaching-ion exchange method. Recycl. Effect of pulp density (a), time (b), and temperature (c) for leaching of the spent SCR catalyst. The scanning electron microscope and energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEMEDS, JSM-6380LA, Japan) was used to analyze the surface and composition of samples. On the other hand, the process studied in this investigation reaches a maximum leaching efficiency of tungsten and vanadium in 30min with the additional advantage of the minimization of the silicon compounds leached. Eng. Dr. Jung has more than 20 years of R&D experience in the subject areas of fuel cell catalysts, fuel cell gas diffusion layers, high surface area carbon foam and carbon paper, leadacid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, metal-air batteries, electroplating/electrowinning, electroreduction of carbon dioxide, lithium extraction and processing, and lithium-ion battery recycling. Front. Metal recovery is the final step in a hydrometallurgical process. Pretreatment + hydrometallurgical recycling A multi-step pretreatment process is required to prepare LIBs for hydrometallurgy. With Metsos technology, the critical metals can be sustainably extracted from black mass and re-used in new battery production or in other applications. To convert yellowcake into weapons grade quality, it is converted into uranium hexafluoride (\(UF_6\) ore to be isotopically enriched. Similar to copper oxide heap leaching, also using dilute sulfuric acid. In heap leaching processes, crushed (and sometimes agglomerated) ore is piled in a heap which is lined with an impervious layer. Autoclave reactors are used for reactions at higher temperatures, which can enhance the rate of the reaction. Metso supports circular economy and responds to the growing battery For example, gold is often found as tiny flakes of the metal, usually in association with quartz or pyrite deposits. Article The samples were grinded to a size of less than 100m, in addition to removing the dust and contaminants on the surface before experiments. Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Wu et al. To cater for this demand, the world will need to produce more minerals and metals, but we also need to strive to close the loop and extend the life cycle of these valuable materials through efficient recycling. It can be observed that in the case of the raw spent catalyst (a1) there is a clear presence of fiber glass rods (silica, alumina and calcium oxide) which are the main concern for this research due to the minimization of silica leaching as a primary research goal. 8:578044. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.578044 Owners and operators of battery recycling facilities can maintain a safe work environment through proper planning and effective risk management strategies. Therefore, an experiment was performed to reduce the leaching rate of SiO2 while maximizing the leaching conditions for vanadium and tungsten. After optimization, the ideal parameters are roasting using a 0.4 ratio of NaOH/spent SCR catalyst in solution for 2h at 973K and de-ionized water leaching for 30min, at 298K with a pulp density of 30%. Choi, I. H., Kim, H. R., Moon, G., Jyothi, R. K. & Lee, J. Y. Successive calcination-oxalate acid leaching treatment of spent SCR catalyst: A highly efficient and selective method for recycling tungsten element. The process is based on Metso's proprietary VSF X Solvent extraction technology and complemented with OKTOP . To respond to these needs, Metso Corp. (Helsinki, Finland) is launching an advanced sustainable battery black mass recycling process. Selective separation of thorium from rare earths and uranium in acidic solutions by phosphorodiamidate-functionalized silica. Conserv. Erik PRASETYO | Researcher | Doctor of Philosophy | Indonesian Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Some 73% of used textiles are still destined for energy recovery or for landfilling, whereas only 1% are recycled in a closed loop. When the magnification is increased 1000 times, it can be observed that in Fig. However, the composition of the spent catalyst possess another environmental threat when it is disposed or buried due to the accumulation and leaching of V2O5, a highly toxic compound alongside other heavy metals. The effect of the leaching time from 10 to 180min in the leaching efficiency of vanadium and tungsten was explored. Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li Resour. Su et al. 97, 146157 (2019). Recycling of black mass from batteries with Metsos process can reduce up to 60% of embedded carbon compared to use of virgin materials, explains Don Simola, Director, Battery Chemicals Technology at Metso. 3b, the leaching time does not contribute significantly to the leaching efficiency for vanadium and tungsten. Figure6 shows the catalyst EDS analysis after roasting, an agglomeration of sodium particles can be observed covering the fiber glass rod which indicate the formation of sodium compounds such as sodium vanadate and tungstate. Metso's hydrometallurgical black mass recycling process has been designed to treat mechanically separated and shredded batteries for recovering battery raw materials including nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese and copper. The process complements Metsos battery minerals technology offering, which covers concentration and hydrometallurgical processing as well as related services. Conserv. 4a2,b2 there is some agglomeration on the rod type structures while in Fig. Metso introduces battery black mass recycling process Many of these technologies are part of Metsos Planet Positive offering. Battery black mass recycling is becoming an important means to complement virgin battery metals supply and to reduce the carbon footprint of the battery supply chain. Miner. Stay informed and subscribe to our monthly RECYCLING magazine newsletter. From the 2000s (new millennium) the increasing concerns about environmental pollution caused by nitrogen oxides has directly influenced a higher production and demand for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts for the minimization of the NOx discharged from a variety of sources (stationary and mobile) worldwide1,2,3. Among the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries, hydrometallurgical processes are a suitable technique for recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, due to their advantages such as the high recovery of metals with high purity, low energy consumption, and very low gas emissions. In Fig. The chemistry of the leaching process revolves around oxidation of the uranium compounds, which is typically achieved using manganese dioxide (MnO2), sodium chlorate (NaClO3), and Fe(II) salts. & Jyothi, R. K. Alkali fusion using sodium carbonate for extraction of vanadium and tungsten for the preparation of synthetic sodium titanate from spent SCR catalyst. Hydrometallurgy and Pyrometallurgy Battery Recycling | TES In the case of silicon leaching, according to the Le-Chatelier principle, if the amount of NaOH is greater the equilibrium will go towards the formation of products, which in the case include silicon compounds. Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. This induced pH adjustment in a rapid and homogeneous way. The mixture of NaOH aqueous solution and feedstock was roasted in a muffle furnace for 2h at 973K, and after roasting; the sample was added to distilled water and leached at 278K for 3h with a pulp density of 30%. Once dissolved, the Pb can be recovered through electrodeposition and the liquid can then be recycled for further Pb recycling. Hydrometallurgical Processes for the Recovery of Metals from Steel Eng. J. Taiwan Inst. The process complements Metsos extensive battery minerals technology offering, which covers concentration and hydrometallurgical processing as well as related services. Google Scholar. & Jyothi, R. K. Extraction of tungsten and vanadium from spent selective catalytic reduction catalyst for stationary application by pressure leaching process. Breaking a dependency: why Europe . Hydrometallurgy is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy, the obtaining of metals from their ores. Environ. It is expected that if the amount of spent catalyst used is higher, the concentration of vanadium and tungsten leached will be higher too, however, as noticed in Fig. In this study, it was found that the increase of the amount of tungsten leached was related to the inhibition of CaWO4 production due to the increase of Na2CO3 addition along with the rate of TiO2 anatase changing phases to rutile. Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling - PubMed "With Metso's technology, the critical metals can be sustainably extracted from black mass and reused in new battery . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01726-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01726-0. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. We have a solid background both in primary resources processing and secondary resources recycling. After soda roasting, the cooled sample was placed in a Teflon reactor and leaching experiments were performed on a hot plate modifying different conditions such as pulp density, temperature and reaction time. As the concentration of NaOH augmented, the leaching efficiency of vanadium and tungsten was greater. To obtain The printed circuits also contain hazardous metals, such as Pb, Hg, As, and Cd. the recycling process is complete, it would remain a solid waste that may be regulated under state and local solid waste requirements. Spent V2O5WO3/TiO2 catalyst processing for valuable metals by soda roasting-water leaching. did all the experiments and wrote the manuscript. When using dissolved NaOH as a roasting agent, the leaching rate was very low at 773K, but it increased significantly at 873K, and it was found to reach the maximum at 973K. On the other hand, when the roasting agent is solid NaOH, the reaction starts after NaOH melting resulting in a lower leaching efficiency of the title metals. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in (2018) examined the selective leaching and reaction mechanisms of V and Fe using oxalic acid. Evaluation of molybdenum recovery from sulfur removed spent catalyst using leaching and solvent extraction, Efficient Synchronous Extraction of Nickel, Copper, and Cobalt from LowNickel Matte by Sulfation RoastingWater Leaching Process, Synthesis of Scandium Phosphate after Peroxide Assisted Leaching of Iron Depleted Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Slags, Upcycling of Fe-bearing sludge: preparation of erdite-bearing particles for treating pharmaceutical manufacture wastewater, Recyclable NiO/sepiolite as adsorbent to remove organic dye and its regeneration, Removal of ammonium ion from aqueous solutions by using unmodified and H2O2-modified zeolitic waste, Waste tea residue adsorption coupled with electrocoagulation for improvement of copper and nickel ions removal from simulated wastewater, Hexavalent chromium elimination from wastewater by integrated micro-electrolysis composites synthesized from red mud and rice straw via a facile one-pot method, Wet oxidation and catalytic wet oxidation of pharmaceutical sludge, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123717, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38106-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105576, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 187, 449458 (2018). Google Scholar. Summarizes current recycling processes, challenges, and perspectives, Offers a comprehensive review of current commercialized LIB recycling companies, Showcases an innovative closed-loop hydrometallurgical recycling process to recycle lithium cathode materials, Provides detailed modeling and economic analyses of several hydrometallurgical recycling processes, Features practical cases and data developed by the authors. 137 Publications Hydrometallurgy & Recycling Group Our duty is to respond the recycling and mineral processing sectors by developing process flowsheet and process optimization. et al. Hydrometallurgy is the extractive metallurgy field method for obtaining metals from metal ore. Hydrometallurgical techniques employ water-based solutions to retrieve metals and are used to retrieve metals from ores and concentrate, as well as for recycling. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. As observed in Fig. Ye, X. et al. 2b, leaching efficiency of vanadium increases as the roasting time increases, and the tungsten leaching reaches a maximum after 120min. Development of a Highly Efficient Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process Moreover, the percentage of sodium in the sample has increased in accordance to the reaction with the metals present. In some industrial applications, the leachate pH was slowly adjusted by a diluted alkaline solution, with the defects of doubling the leachate volume and causing droplet hydrolysis/coagulation. However, in previous studies, if a large amount of SiO2 is leached together with vanadium and tungsten, there is a competitive leaching process where vanadium and tungsten leaching could be inhibited by the presence of silicon.

Post Doc Positions In Plasma Gasification, Powerfilm Scanner Software, Rick Owens Drkshdw Fogachine, Articles H