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WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Electromagn Biol Med. J Neurosci Methods. 2008;169:3845. Google Scholar. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. 2016;74:99107. J Neuro-Oncol. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2012;3:3440. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 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The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Ning et al. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. PubMed They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Biochem J. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Annu Rev Physiol. Behav Brain Res. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. 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Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2006;5:389. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Toxicol Sci. Exp Neurobiol. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. CAS Dasdag et al. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). By using this website, you agree to our Part of Sci STKE. 2009;63:10106. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. PubMed The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. 2004;48:46624. 2002;13:11921. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2005;22:32931. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. CAS Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 1984;11:4760. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Cassel et al. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Singh et al. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Cobb et al. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Bioelectromagnetics. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Yale J Biol Med. 1992;114:16202. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Motawi et al. Cell Biochem Biophys. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. 2008;29:52738. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 2011;107:35661. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone.