The midpoint transition is the most important feature of this model. As a result of this adaptation, more cheetahs are born with spots because they hide and survive. . Recognizing that traditional Darwinian evolutionary mechanisms were failing to explain variation, Gould and Eldredge proposed that instead of slow, gradual changes, evolution . It defines knowledge as a social construct with three distinctive and interrelated facetsexplicit, implicit, and emancipatory knowledge. The adherents of the punctuated equilibrium theory are based on extensive paleontological material and have quite strong theoretical justifications. The rate of change in the environment causes the evolution of new species more quickly, eventually leading to extinction of old ones. While initially discussed in terms of the United States, this theory has been applied to jurisdictions, such as the European Union (Princen Citation2013), and applicable to understanding information processing in the policy process (True, Jones, and Baumgartner Citation2007) across various policy domains, such as tobacco and nuclear energy. Punctuated-equilibrium theory seeks to explain a simple observation: Political processes are generally characterized by stability and incrementalism, but occasionally they . COVID-19 afforded rapid change, but will it be sustained? 0000016310 00000 n <>8]/P 18 0 R/Pg 184 0 R/S/Link>> Punctuated Equilibrium and the Information Disadvantage of Authoritarianism: Evidence from the People's Republic of China. Fossils seem to appear suddenly throughout history. 170 0 obj Not only were these rapid and sizeable, but these income supports were well-receivedconsidering the general public acceptance and approval ratings of implementing leaders. PET umfasst ein Policy-Prozessmodell, in dem ein langer Zeitraum geringer Vernderungen in einem Politikfeld durch grundlegende Transformationen unterbrochen wird. The assumption that in-time-period normal inputs imply that policy changes are distributed consistently is challenged in my paper. In the case of COVID-19, this is highly evident. 863 14 Punctuated-equilibrium theory (PET) There are various theories aimed at representing how public policy is developed. Which of these is a major feature of punctuated equilibrium? If these ideas are pursued, atheists may be able to close the philosophical gap between intelligent design and atheism. Punctuated equilibrium (Tushman and Romanelli, 1985) is a theory which has wide application. With the tremendous impact COVID-19 has had on the world, the media was understandably focused on COVID-19. More species have been found on these smaller islands than on the mainland. Like their paleontologist colleagues, Baumgartner and Jones opposed a linear view of the evolution of systems. xref Overall, punctuated equilibrium theory can be a powerful tool for learning about group behavior and the competition that exists within it. As Eldredge and I devised punctuated equilibrium, I did use the theory to resolve these two puzzles to my satisfaction, and each resolution, when finally generalized and further developed, led to my two major critiques of the first two branches of the essential triad of Darwinian central logic so Oliver Sacks's identification of . There are three subspecies that reside on the mainland. The Pax-6 gene, for example, is common to both invertebrates and . Despite the authors claims, there is no conflict of interest. 0000050066 00000 n . Inevitably, long-term care homes became hotspots for COVID-19 in Ontario. Punctuated equilibrium tries to explain these fossil gaps or the absence of intermediate forms, by stating that they exist for very short periods of time when speciation occurs intensely in an isolated population. In my formal study, I calculated a linear regression to quantify over-time variation in variance. Reframing the policy problem around the economy allowed the government to reopen businesses and try to initiate a recovery, which aligns with its economic interests. endobj Punctuated equilibrium does not: Suggest that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is wrong. endobj 0000007194 00000 n How does punctuated equilibrium explain the lack of intermediates in the fossil record? As such, COVID-19 evolved from the focus on health and the healthcare system to one discussing the economy. Punctuated-equilibrium theory seeks to explain a simple observation: political processes are generally characterized by stability and incrementalism, but occa- . Abstract. As Frank R. Baumgartner and Jones (Citation1991) highlight, by the time the public is engaged, typically this is after manipulation of the policy image and venue selection by those in power. We use cookies to improve your website experience. punctuated equilibrium (also known as punctuated equilibria) is an evolutionary biology theory that claims that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will remain stable, implying that little evolutionary change has occurred for most of the species geological history. Through interbreeding the change in the species is kept low; 3. The stability of a gene pool during these periods is due to the fact that the gene pool is static, which means that different sets of genes are passed down from generation to generation. 0000023563 00000 n When these became extinct, a derivative from a peripheral population that was evolving on a separate island became dominant. In reflecting on COVID-19, this is apparent in numerous ways. 2. The theory posits that most social systems exist in an extended period of stasis, which may be punctuated by sudden shifts leading to radical change. COVID-19 has exacerbated existing inequalities, with its impacts being related to gender, race, and class (Bryant, Aquanno, and Raphael Citation2020). There was a new, negative image for decades, and a policy of expanding power plants was reversed by a moratorium and increased regulation. 12 0 obj endobj uuid:47951e7f-ae01-11b2-0a00-90d21a020000 0000002632 00000 n <<8413c7024057b14d84ed659bcea7b918>]>> used by policy scholars with respect to their strengths and weaknesses, and presents a number of issues for further . xbb8f;1Gc4>Fh|( $Y In other words, Baumgartner and Jones (Citation1993) postulated that linear and incremental changes over the long-term did not explain policymaking (Baumgartner and Jones Citation1991). 14 0 obj Through both shifting policy images to be conducive to policymakers goals and seeking to keep other images off the agenda, policymakers will benefit through moving closer to the policy goals sought. and determining competitors' strengths and weaknesses. It builds on a systematic evidence synthesis of peer-reviewed empirical . ~~~ Punctuated equilibrium ~~~Title: What is Punctuated equilibrium?, Explain Punctuated equilibrium, Define Punctuated equilibriumCreated on: 2018-10-02Sour. The earliest populations of this snail had two stocks, with distinct color banding patterns. startxref endobj PET studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge on specific cases, but they do not always yield the desired results in a selective manner. It is common to experience long periods of stasis with little activity in terms of extinctions or new species emergence, but bursts of activity occur on occasion. A. punctuated equilibrium B. group think C. group roles D. social identity theory E. group favoritism, According to the text, an employee who does not identify with their organization may experience _____. The concept of punctuated equilibrium was, to some, a radical new idea when it was first proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in 1972. 0000004378 00000 n As such, policy actions were framed around the economy. 863 0 obj<> endobj Moreover, promising directions of future research will be outlined. As highlighted by Amri and Drummond, punctuated equilibrium theory can be applied to explain rapid policy shifts that have emerged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the public engagement . If youve installed citation software, you can choose from a list of citation managers that you can access. Punctuated equilibrium theory is a theory that suggests that periods of stability in an organisms development are interrupted by periods of rapid change. It is evident the media played a role in raising attention to this issue, both in terms of the quantity of the articles produced and the tone and approach taken in discussing the issues, with the two articles above providing a glimpse into the tone employed. The punctuated equilibrium theory on public policy formulation is a useful tool in understanding the ways in which public institutions craft policy. This scenario does not describe evolution. 0000001870 00000 n 0000002888 00000 n Citation2020), just a mere five days after the WHO classified COVID-19 as a pandemic (World Health Organization Citation2020b). Party platforms typically do not include decisions on PPE stockpiles for which constituents vote based on. For example, given the heightened impact of COVID-19 on womens mental health (Bland etal. In this study, we examine trends in the geographical and policy focus of PET studies; maps, explore, and analyze how core concepts in PET are applied in empirical research. A species exists in the environment with many generations going by with little change (and members of this species occasionally being fossilized) 2. With the knowledge that as media attention increases, public reception decreases (Frank R. Baumgartner and Jones Citation1991), public fatigue of lockdowns soon becoming commonplace aligns with this knowledge (juxtaposed with the original positive reception of the public in doing their part to flatten the curve). Appligent AppendPDF Pro 6.3 Fossil samples taken from six different geological times and from various geographical locations points to the repeated evolution of species from peripherally isolated populations that ultimately led to the formation of the land snail that remained morphologically static until it was observed in the 1950s. 0000000756 00000 n Which model of evolution does this support? %PDF-1.4 % A number of explanations have been given for this phenomenon observed in the fossil record. The existence of microorganisms such as cyanobacteria that have remained nearly constant in nature since the dawn of evolution on Earth more than 3 billion years ago, or the existence of living fossils (Schopf, 1994), are all consistent with thepunctuated model of evolution. 0000000589 00000 n <>12]/P 19 0 R/Pg 184 0 R/S/Link>> With the emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020, little was known about the origins, disease dynamics, impacts, etc. We are likely to see leptokurtosis in the distribution of changes in policy output if the variance in policy inputs is not constant over time, even if aggregate policy output perfectly reflects policy input. 145 0 obj <> endobj xref 145 23 0000000016 00000 n 173 0 obj Weak and limited public policy coordination was apparent not only across provinces and states, but also across countries with shared borders and more globally, which was particularly evident when examining the lack of prompt data sharingone of the key criticisms the World Health Organization (WHO) faced with respect to China. Abstract . This manuscript draws on Baumgartner and Jones punctuated-equilibrium theory to analyze and demonstrate how policy responses to the pandemic, largely in Canada but also globally, were shaped by preexisting problems (periods of equilibrium). Second, attention should be redirected to achieving equitable outcomes, effectiveness, and efficiency, where relevant. In other words, with the changing image of COVID-19, the likelihood of punctuating the equilibrium is raised. Similarly, with lockdown measures, the media naturally discussed those impacted by COVID-19, such as the sheer volume of unemployed individuals and the permanent closure of various businesses due to the temporary lockdowns. In other words, there is an opportunity for individuals to present their stance in new venues to gain allies and achieve policy change. trailer <<85E457E66DBE11DB9F3500112472D3D4>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 167 0 obj<>stream An appendix with a Chronology of Management Theory allows readers to easily chart directions and trends in thought and theory from early times to the present. 0000001824 00000 n Aware of similar assessments of the efficacy of . better understanding human behavior in all of its manifestations." 10 . This aligned with Bill C-13, an Act respecting certain measures in response to COVID-19, which passed and received royal assent on March 25, 2020. The ability to devote a significant amount of attention to a specific problem may result in new ways to think and solve it. HTn0}W#HRUPvj+o>Hih J,s3ipnoF9eA2Jodq0Kze~ r@QCj&8!~7M7}rIDH"QVu'> ' NkK8l"pv!%!O >CRD*]-WlET[0qXN`*d:B}d`gIkvA\=tWcHRUMYF}F||2_j"7 O!S.lUbG$?hdp6+a-$u(aJH5"va$`JZDI\@k fy 0000003946 00000 n However, governments records of learning lessons from past crises are not strong. 1 0 obj 0000002852 00000 n The media was instrumental in drawing attention to this, such as with articles titled Banff residents worry U.S. tourists visiting town thanks to so-called Alaska loophole (Dryden Citation2020) and LEAKY BORDER: Tourists and quarantine cheats threaten Canada amid U.S. COVID-19 surge (Canoe.com Citation2020), the latter of which discusses the border more broadly. 'z8/< Jensen, C (2009) Policy punctuation in mature welfare states. The study of kingfishers in Papua New Guinea showed the deep impact of reproductive isolation on speciation. AppendPDF Pro 6.3 Linux 64 bit Aug 30 2019 Library 15.0.4 As such, there is a major role for global actors to play, such as the WHO, to facilitate collaborations globally and promote better policymaking, with particular attention paid to cities of the global south given rapid urbanization (Amri Citation2019). <><>151 0 R]/P 209 0 R/Pg 197 0 R/S/Link>> Come and Study at Midwest University in Saint Louis, Missouri in US Citation2020), which includes only entering at one of the five ports of entry, avoiding tourism activities, and displaying a tag to their vehicles rearview mirror (Government of Canada Citation2020). no employer benefits, harder hit with layoffs). The authors posit the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent instability in the US workforce, particularly among women and mothers, is effectively examined through the lens of punctuated equilibrium. Their comparison There is a population at the edge of the general area that the . punctuated-equilibrium theory and the advocacy coalition framework, economic and organizational perspectives, and new approaches (e.g., feminism, critical theory, postmodernism). There is mounting evidence that the United States has become more partisan in recent decades. This is a pattern in which the majority of the same species appear at the same time. For a new system to occur, the old system must be destroyed. Biology Dictionary. According to a pragmatic equilibrium, a relatively stable period of evolution followed by rapid change occurs. As a result, the Canadian Border Services Agency enacted stricter conditions for travelers en route to Alaska through Canada (Boire-Schwab etal. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Punctuating the equilibrium: an application of policy theory to COVID-19, a Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;b Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, c School of Policy Studies, Queens University, Kingston, Canada, Rethinking the Role of Global Actors in Empowering Cities of the Global South, The PEGASUS Conferences: A Unique Avenue to Bridge Evidence and Action. "If Steve Gould's . The model postulates that nearly 99% of a species time on earth is spent in stasis, and change happens very quickly. According to Baumgartner and Jones punctuated equilibrium theory, policymakers can measure and explain the stability of policymaking for many years. It implies that the average morphology of a species is under a homogenizing influence. One weakness of group decision making is _____. This article argues for a new theoretical paradigm for the analysis of change in educational institutions that is able to deal with such issues as readiness for change, transformational change and the failure of change strategies. Mean that the central conclusion of evolutionary theory, that life is old and organisms share a common ancestor, no longer holds. Here, the environment can vary wildly from humid, dense rain forest to monsoon forests with extended dry seasons. endobj For example, looking to international borders, Canada was prompt in closing its borders for non-Canadians or permanent residents, banning entry on March 16, 2020 (Boire-Schwab etal. New genetic variation accumulates at a much faster rate in this case, as a result of the fact that it begins to accumulate more rapidly. The scientific community, according to Gould and Eldredge, was obsessed with theories and facts rather than facts. With the framing around health, lockdowns were generally well-received at the start of the pandemic, with citizens across seven European countries reporting general satisfaction with their governments during the first two weeks of April 2020 (Sabat etal. 69 0 obj Reflecting on post-SARS, the lack of sufficient planning is abundantly clear. For example, in considering the mathematical models that were developed to help predict the spread of the disease, these were interpreted in different ways, such as pointing to successes of nations in preventing spread or emphasizing the need for further action given the large projections. This theory is based on the idea that there are periods of stability in public policy, punctuated by periods of change. The government inspired public enthusiasm for nuclear power as a solution to a number of problems during the postwar period in the United States. Biologydictionary.net, November 03, 2016. https://biologydictionary.net/punctuated-equilibrium/. 13 0 obj endobj In addition to the threat on health and well-being, the face of the world has been dramatically altered. Similar observations have been made for birds and reptiles and invertebrates across the world, where geographical separation has led to the emergence of new species, while large continuous tracts with varying conditions maintain homogeneous populations. You are here: Home. 5. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. <>26]/P 24 0 R/Pg 184 0 R/S/Link>> Rather than following Darwins proposed slow and steady path, which evolved into spurts, gradual evolution evolved into spurts, says the statement. endobj The punctuated equilibrium theory was proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in 1972. endstream Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. 865 0 obj<>stream The year indicator is tested using the Breusch-Pagan test of heteroskedasticity. This is due to the fact that small changes within a large population become diluted and homogenized. However, there are other species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus that show the transition from Australopithecus towards a modern man in terms of cranial capacity and body size. Looking to both of these examples, a question emerges around how durable the policy conclusions truly are. Punctuated equilibrium in social theory is a conceptual framework for understanding the process of change in complex social systems.The approach studies the evolution of policy change, including the evolution of conflicts. 0000006973 00000 n 6 0 obj According to the perpendicular equilibrium model, evolution can take place in a gradual, continuous manner, but can also take place in a sudden, rapid manner because of external factors. Each theory has merits and provides unique benefits and insights, and more than one theory can be applied to understand a single policy domain, such as COVID-19. The hypothesis states that individual species . It is evident that to avoid subsystem collapses, policy images and venues must be seen favorably. endobj Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are often considered as opposing theories of evolution. General equilibrium analysisis the branch of economics concerned with the simultaneous determination of prices and quantities in multiple inter-connected markets. endobj First, strategic planning and foresight should be prioritized instead of short-sighted and temporary solutions (e.g. Spots are produced by a genetic mutation in a cheetah cub. In the most common application of the theory, sociocultural events are taken to affect (and to some extent predict) types of change in language families. In addition to chronic conditions, the share of COVID-19 cases was substantially higher among ethno-racial groups in Torontoin fact, comprising an alarming 83% of reported cases with available race data (City of Toronto Citation2020). their model, punctuated equilibrium, from a theory of modern paleontology which refuted incrementalism, a theory according to which species evolve slowly by means of successive slight mutations (Gould & Eldredge, 1977). And second, in seeking to target the policy venue, while those in power may seek to limit access to the venue or target venues in which support will be present, one way to target this is through garnering support in new venues. In a time series of one policy domain, the distribution of percentage change in policy output has a narrower peak and heavier tails than does a normal distribution. Pock - Najwikszy katalog firm w miecie. <> <>1]/P 6 0 R/Pg 184 0 R/S/Link>> Gradualism places importance on the slow appearance of new characters in interbreeding subspecies that, over time, lead to the evolution of a new species from ancestral forms. Citation2020), COVID-19 was quite obviously initially an issue around health. weaknesses of punctuated equilibrium theory. %PDF-1.7 % Applying the dynamic concepts within punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) model to traditional fee-for-service Medicare policy, the influential factors are identified and specify how policy change occurred as a response to the pandemic, resulting in swift and large-scale changes in Medicare telehealth reimbursement requirements and widespread . As a result, we can gain a better understanding of the nature of competition. Punctuated-equilibrium theory seeks to explain a simple observation: political processes are generally characterized by stability and incrementalism, but occasionally they produce large-scale departures. "Punctuated Equilibrium. For example, while, Australopithecus afarensis, is the precursor of modern humans, there are no fossils showing a gradual change in the cranial capacity or body size of the Australopithecus. What began as a highly technical topic, pandemic preparedness, for which policy action was determined by a very small group of technical individuals, this rapidly expanded. 0000008673 00000 n It is necessary to keep an eye on the situation at hand. endobj Given our recent history with pandemics, coupled with our worlds increasing globalization, this lack of sufficient stockpile, both globally and in specific countries, is perplexing. It explains how domestic animals evolved. Punctuated equilibrium theory synonyms, Punctuated equilibrium theory pronunciation, Punctuated equilibrium theory translation, English dictionary definition of Punctuated equilibrium theory. This was seen in data produced by the City of Toronto, which demonstrated that 27% of COVID-19 cases were among those with a household income under $29,999 with about half (51%) of cases in households with incomes below $49,999 (which can be considered low-income) (City of Toronto Citation2020). xb```0V i @16 $x !,4zCxK,!I kI8vCVf <>stream The species is a relatively stable self-supporting system. A competitive analysis. Prince 12.5 (www.princexml.com) As such, it is imperative to aim to engage early and gain public support and acceptance for the policy image and pushing into new venues to gain further support. However, transparency is not enough. It does not directly consider if those changes are good or bad for society. Weak policy has also meant COVID-19 more greatly impacted the most marginalized groups in society. Luke D. Matzke <> weak coordination of healthcare and gaps in income supports) exacerbate the cost of crises (including deaths) and make policy responses more difficult. the events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizational culture, culture the values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by organizational members, stories told by organizational members to make sense of organizational events and changes and to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions, people celebrated for their qualities and achievements within an organization, a company's purpose or reason for existing, a company culture in which the company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes, the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to and symbolic of the new organizational culture that a company wants to create, the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational culture in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture, visible signs of an organization's culture, such as the office design and layout, company dress code, and company benefits and perks, such as stock options, personal parking spaces, or the private company dining room, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Daniel F Viele, David H Marshall, Wayne W McManus. . However, with the pandemic extending and the policy image becoming more centered around the economy, people started becoming fatigued by the varied measures taken by governments originally brought in when consideration of health was prominent. A. more complete information B. conformity pressures . 0000001372 00000 n Punctuated Equilibrium Public Policy Theory However, when a large number of people become interested in a policy domain, there is an increased chance that the policy subsystem will be destroyed or changed, termed conflict expansion. homeless, incarcerated). including the punctuated equilibrium theory, multiple streams framework, narrative policy framework, and advocacy coalition framework, amongst others, to identify their respective frames of reference, foci, and concepts, along with their strengths and weaknesses and similarities and differences in explanatory outcomes. We can reject the simplest version of the incremental policymaking model when we observe policy changes as a result of leptokurtic processes. Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) was born of our unhappiness with policy process models that emphasized stability, rules, incremental adjustment, and "grid-lock" whereas we saw policy change as oftentimes disjoint, episodic, and not always predictable. endobj weaknesses of punctuated equilibrium theory . <><>148 0 R]/P 206 0 R/Pg 197 0 R/S/Link>> One of which is the punctuated-equilibrium theory (PET) developed by Baumgartner and Jones (Citation 1993).Through studying various public policies within the United States, Baumgartner and Jones (Citation 1993) demonstrated that political systems typically remain stable over . It has been suggested that information processing is characterized bystasis interrupted by bursts of innovation in the perpendicular equilibrium theory. In public policy, punctuated equilibrium is a theory that proposes that change in policy occurs in sudden bursts, rather than gradually. Punctuating the equilibrium: an applicat . : Policy response to COVID-19: Politics, technology, and state capacity, http://angusreid.org/covid-19-healthcare-confidence/, https://www.mccarthy.ca/en/insights/articles/covid-19-emergency-measures-tracker, https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P5206.html, https://ojs.scholarsportal.info/ontariotechu/index.php/cs/article/view/108/31, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/cerb-fraud-1.5677086, https://canoe.com/news/national/leaky-border-tourists-and-quarantine-cheats-threaten-canada-amid-u-s-covid-19-surge, https://www.toronto.ca/home/covid-19/covid-19-latest-city-of-toronto-news/covid-19-status-of-cases-in-toronto/, https://globalnews.ca/news/6749652/coronavirus-bobcaygeon-nursing-home-deaths/, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/banff-tourists-alaska-nina-stewart-michael-buxton-carr-1.5610417, https://www.canada.ca/en/border-services-agency/news/2020/07/covid-19-stricter-rules-for-foreign-nationals-transiting-through-canada-to-alaska.html, https://www.icnl.org/covid19tracker/?location=&issue=9&date=&type=, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-canada-supplies-ex/exclusive-millions-of-masks-stockpiled-in-canadas-ontario-expired-before-coronavirus-hit-idUSKBN20W2OG, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/covid-19-coronavirus-pinecrest-nursing-home-bobcaygeon, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/03/ontario-enacts-declaration-of-emergency-to-protect-the-public.html, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-officials-note-serious-problems-in-coronavirus-response-the-world-health-organization-keeps-praising-them/2020/02/08/b663dd7c-4834-11ea-91ab-ce439aa5c7c1_story.html, https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/politics/trump-ventilators-stockpile-coronavirus/index.html, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cerb-ei-covid-benefits-1.5695448, https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/walker-we-learned-a-lot-from-sars-but-there-are-more-lessons-coming-from-covid-19/wcm/ba08f2fd-6ca6-41fe-a157-c38590e458d4/, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20201012-weekly-epi-update-9.pdf, https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/key_concepts/en/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/10/wuhan-officials-tried-cover-up-covid-19-sent-it-careening-outward/, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health.
Humboldt State Athletic Director,
Mark Brown Obituary Middleville Mi,
Union County Nc Warrants,
Articles W