Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Religious Practitioners. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. with the British was through Samuel Baker. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. The Acholi of Uganda. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Kinship Terminology. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. the northern regions, this relationship changed. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Behrend, Heike (1991). It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Identification. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. Encyclopedia.com. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Social Control. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Okot p'Bitek (1971). The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Omissions? In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Social Control. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Linguistic Affiliation. Wright, A. C. A. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Figure 5. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. "Acholi An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Occasional Paper no. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 The Population Geography of Acholi District. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. (UNHCR, 2012). Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Bor Lango The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). The Southern Lwoo language group The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. interpolity interactions at the county level. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. before. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations.
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