WebDefinition of racist_1 adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. [135], In the Spanish colonies, Spaniards developed a complex caste system based on race, which was used for social control, and which also determined a person's importance in society. Discourse analysis seeks to reveal the meaning of race and the actions of racists through careful study of the ways in which these factors of human society are described and discussed in various written and oral works. [174][175][168], German praise for America's institutional racism was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models. noun [ U ] (also antiracism) uk / n.tire.s.z m / us / n.tare.s.z m /. The statement condemned scientific racism theories that had played a role in the Holocaust. Learn more. "[39] Such exposures influence our minds and they can cause subconscious racism in our behavior towards other people or even towards objects. Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. The term Hamite was applied to different populations within North Africa, mainly comprising Ethiopians, Eritreans, Somalis, Berbers, and the ancient Egyptians. The errors that the subjects made in recalling who said what indicated that they sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker of the same race as the "correct" speaker, although they also sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker "on the same side" as the "correct" speaker. Appendix 1 Oxford Anti-Racism Charter Whitecapping, which started in Indiana in the late 19th century, soon spread throughout all of North America, causing many African laborers to flee from the land they worked on. [9] Today, some scholars of racism prefer to use the concept in the plural racisms, in order to emphasize its many different forms that do not easily fall under a single definition. He defined the term as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin". A few argued against racist ideologies and discrimination, even if they believed in the alleged existence of biological races. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life. She works in the intersections of continental philosophy, feminist philosophy, critical philosophy of race, and American pragmatism. [150] Nazi policies labeled Romani people, people of color, and Slavs (mainly Poles, Serbs, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Czechs) as inferior non-Aryan subhumans. Guides: Anti-Black Racism: Definitions and Introductory Texts [111] Though Aristotle does not specify any particular races, he argues that people from nations outside Greece are more prone to the burden of slavery than those from Greece. Textual analysis of such writings can contrast sharply with black authors' descriptions of African Americans and their experiences in US society. [134] The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodrguez, a white segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States. The race question had become one of the pivots of Nazi ideology and policy. [104] It was also a major force behind racial segregation, especially in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and South Africa under apartheid; 19th and 20th century racism in the Western world is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism. [12] Human genome research indicates that race is not a meaningful genetic classification of humans.[13][14][15][16]. [247], Despite support for evolutionary theories relating to an innate origin of racism, various studies have suggested racism is associated with lower intelligence and less diverse peer groups during childhood. In general, it promotes an egalitarian society in The Hottentots (Nama or Khoi) were formed by the merger of Hamitic and Bushmen (San) racesboth being termed nowadays as Khoisan peoples. This further reduced their rights as human beings; they were in many ways officially separated from the German populace. The ideology underlying racist practices often assumes that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior. [132], At the end of the Renaissance, the Valladolid debate (15501551), concerning the treatment of the natives of the "New World" pitted the Dominican friar and Bishop of Chiapas, Bartolom de Las Casas, to another Dominican and Humanist philosopher, Juan Gins de Seplveda. [166][169][170][171] Serbs were primary targets of racial laws and murders in the puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH); Jews and Roma were also targeted. Jerry Bergman, "Eugenics and the Development of Nazi Race Policy". Europe's colonial attitude towards the Orientals exemplifies this as it was thought that the East was the opposite of the West; feminine where the West was masculine, weak where the West was strong and traditional where the West was progressive. Racism - Wikipedia Tooby and Cosmides hypothesized that modern people use race as a proxy (rough-and-ready indicator) for coalition membership, since a better-than-random guess about "which side" another person is on will be helpful if one does not actually know in advance. Aversive racism has been shown to have potentially serious implications for decision making in employment, in legal decisions and in helping behavior. In thinking about crime, for example, social psychologist Jennifer L. Eberhardt (2004) of Stanford University holds that, "blackness is so associated with crime you're ready to pick out these crime objects. [7] The origin of the root word "race" is not clear. SYSTEMIC RACISM Anti-Racism - Verywell Mind [44][45], Racism can also be said to describe a condition in society in which a dominant racial group benefits from the oppression of others, whether that group wants such benefits or not. Another early view in scientific racism was the polygenist view, which held that the different races had been separately created. In the mid-20th century, the German scholar Carl Meinhof (18571944) claimed that the Bantu race was formed by a merger of Hamitic and Negro races. Though many countries around the globe have passed laws related to race and discrimination, the first significant international human rights instrument developed by the United Nations (UN) was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),[21] which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. ), the French school of ethnology (Claude Lvi-Strauss, etc. Ethnic nationalism blended with scientific racist discourses, as well as with "continental imperialist" (Hannah Arendt, 1951[108]) discourses, for example in the pan-Germanism discourses, which postulated the racial superiority of the German Volk (people/folk). One of its main influences was the Romantic nationalist movement at the turn of the 19th century, represented by figures such as Johann Herder (17441803), Johan Fichte (17621814) in the Addresses to the German Nation (1808), Friedrich Hegel (17701831), or also, in France, Jules Michelet (17981874). "[84] Attitudes of black supremacy, Arab supremacy, and East Asian supremacy also exist. Racism existed during the 19th century as scientific racism, which attempted to provide a racial classification of humanity. ), positing the view that the non-Caucasians had arisen through a process of degeneration. Anti [citation needed] Henceforth, scientific racist discourses could be defined as the combination of polygenism, unilinealism, social Darwinism, and eugenism. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries [5] Racism has played a role in genocides such as the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, the Rwandan genocide, and the Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, as well as colonial projects including the European colonization of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the population transfer in the Soviet Union including deportations of indigenous minorities. [72], Othering is the term used by some to describe a system of discrimination whereby the characteristics of a group are used to distinguish them as separate from the norm. "[101], Racial prejudice became subject to international legislation. This resulted in the translated texts racializing Arabs and Berber people, when no such distinction was made in the originals. A number of medieval Arabic authors argued against this prejudice, urging respect for all black people and especially Ethiopians. Implicit attitudes are evaluations that occur without conscious awareness towards an attitude object or the self. "[23], The UN definition of racial discrimination does not make any distinction between discrimination based on ethnicity and race, in part because the distinction between the two has been a matter of debate among academics, including anthropologists. For example, color photographic film was tuned for white skin[67] as are automatic soap dispensers[68] and facial recognition systems. [26][27] The Norwegian Anti-Discrimination Act bans discrimination based on ethnicity, national origin, descent, and skin color.[28]. Antiracism definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary [86][87][88] Some scholars consider modern racism to be characterized by an explicit rejection of stereotypes, combined with resistance to changing structures of discrimination for reasons that are ostensibly non-racial, an ideology that considers opportunity at a purely individual basis denying the relevance of race in determining individual opportunities and the exhibition of indirect forms of micro-aggression toward and/or avoidance of people of other races. "[31] Wellman (1993) defines racism as "culturally sanctioned beliefs, which, regardless of intentions involved, defend the advantages whites have because of the subordinated position of racial minorities". They conflated nationalities with ethnic groups, called "races", in a radical distinction from previous racial discourses that posited the existence of a "race struggle" inside the nation and the state itself. Some scholars argue that in the US, earlier violent and aggressive forms of racism have evolved into a more subtle form of prejudice in the late 20th century. Racism, thus defined, is a modern conception, for prior to the XVIth century there was virtually nothing in the life and thought of the West that can be described as racist. It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. They come about from various influences in the individual experience. Such proto-racism and ethnocentrism must be looked at within context, because a modern understanding of racism based on hereditary inferiority (with modern racism based on eugenics and scientific racism) was not yet developed and it is unclear whether Aristotle believed the natural inferiority of Barbarians was caused by environment and climate (like many of his contemporaries) or by birth. The neo-Darwinian synthesis, first developed in the 1930s, eventually led to a gene-centered view of evolution in the 1960s. [93], The United Nations use the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1966:[94], any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. Examples of racial theories used include the creation of the Hamitic theory during the European exploration of Africa. Vacher de Lapouge thus created a hierarchical classification of races, in which he identified the "Homo europaeus (Teutonic, Protestant, etc. Webnoun [ C ] uk / n.tire.sst / us / n.tire.sst / a person who opposes and makes efforts to end policies, rules, behaviours, beliefs, etc. WebAntiracism definition: the policy of challenging racism and promoting racial equality | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples policies, behaviours, and beliefs that are opposed to or intended to prevent racism Peter Bouckaert, the Human Rights Watch's emergencies director, said in an interview that "racist hatred" is the chief motivation behind the violence against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. ANTIRACIST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary shared ancestry or shared behavior). Also known as academic racism, such theories first needed to overcome the Church's resistance to positivist accounts of history and its support of monogenism, the concept that all human beings were originated from the same ancestors, in accordance with creationist accounts of history. In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from having any influence in education, politics, higher education, and industry. White Sr.: The little problem I had renting a house, United States Declaration of Independence, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1866, End of World War II on the European continent, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia", "The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence", "Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice", "Racist and Religious Crime CPS Prosecution Policy". The Oxford Dictionary of African American English, set to be released in 2025, will define historically Black words and phrases and provide the more accurate origins of those words reclaiming them, in a way.
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