The ERCOT grid operates completely within Texas and serves about 75% of the state's land area and 26 million customers.112,113 The ERCOT grid has few connections with the other interconnected power systems that serve the eastern and western contiguous United States.114 Because the ERCOT service area does not extend across the state's borders, ERCOT is not subject to federal oversight and is, for the most part, dependent on its own resources to meet the state's electricity needs.115 In February 2021, a major winter weather system, with extreme cold temperatures spread across much of the central United States, disrupted energy systems and caused serious health and safety issues, particularly in Texas. February 7, 2022, 8:09 AM UTC Updated on February 7, 2022, 6:16 PM UTC. Most of the rest continues on to Louisiana.77 Although overall production was down to less than 1.75 billion barrels in 2021, it was largely due to the weather-related production decrease in February of that year, which disrupted the otherwise steady increase in production as demand and prices increased.38,39 West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a light (low density), sweet (low sulfur content) crude oil produced in Texas and elsewhere, is the benchmark for crude oil pricing in North America in both the physical and futures markets. 57 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2019. That field's annual production peaked at 17.5 million barrels in 1902, but quickly declined.33 Later discoveries led to increased state crude oil production until 1972, when Texas' annual crude oil production peaked at slightly more than 1.26 billion barrels. 27 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C13, Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2019. 8 Nebraska Energy Office, Comparison of Solar Power Potential by State, updated March 11, 2010. 108 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.7.B. Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating nearly twice as much as second-place Florida. Texas has the most crude oil refineries and the most refining capacity of any state. 84 U.S. EIA, Texas Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 1967-2021. 11 Uranium Producers of America, Uranium in America, Uranium in Texas, accessed April 2, 2022. The rest are in salt caverns.88 However, the state's electricity demand peaks during the hot summer months with the increased use of electricity for air conditioning.118,119 In 1999, Texas became the first state to establish an energy efficiency resource standard (EERS) that requires the state's investor-owned electric utilities to reduce energy usage.120, Renewable resources provided about one-fourth of in-state electricity net generation in Texas in 2021. 15 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021. 111 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Texas, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-21. Natural gas The metropolitan areas of Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth require reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol.62 Texas has four fuel ethanol plants that, in total, can produce almost 10 million barrels of ethanol per year. Endnotes 24 Bomar, George W., Weather, The Handbook of Texas Online, accessed April 2, 2022. 109 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of January 2022. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools 71 U.S. EIA, "Texas natural gas production fell by almost half during recent cold snap," Today in Energy (February 25, 2021). Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the second-highest electricity-producing state, Florida.107 Natural gas-fired power plants supplied about half the electricity generated in Texas in 2021. 122 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Texas, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2021. We were unable to load Disqus. 75 Texas Railroad Commission, Texas Pipeline System Mileage, accessed April 8, 2022. In 2021, Texas accounted for 43% of the nation's crude oil production and 25% of its marketed natural gas production. 137 U.S. EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, Table 4, Biodiesel producers and production capacity by state, December 2020. The ways that company culture comes to be differs by job, but the overwhelming sense that most people have is that it either governs the rules or is the rules . 37 U.S. EIA, "Hydraulically fractured horizontal wells account for most new oil and natural gas wells," Today in Energy (December 20, 2018). The industrial sector, including the state's refineries and petrochemical plants, accounts for more than half of the state's energy consumption and for 23% of the nation's total industrial sector energy use. 93 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Texas, Annual, 2020. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts Texas is the nation's largest coal consumer.104 On a tonnage basis, Texas lignite accounts for almost one-third of the state's coal consumption, with nearly all the rest of the state's needs met by subbituminous coal brought from Wyoming by rail. 43 U.S. EIA, "U.S. to release 30 million barrels of crude oil from its Strategic Petroleum Reserve," Today in Energy (March 8, 2022). 37 U.S. EIA, "Hydraulically fractured horizontal wells account for most new oil and natural gas wells," Today in Energy (December 20, 2018). 73 U.S. EIA, Eagle Ford Region Drilling Productivity Report (April 2022). Other Resources 2016-21. The Texas climate varies significantly from east to west. Texas is home to two of the nation's four U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) crude oil storage sites. Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Southwest Power Pool (SPP) 76 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Mapping System, Natural Gas Interstate Pipeline Map Layer, accessed April 8, 2022. 46 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity, Annual (as of January 1), 2021. Three dangerous blazes in three weeks have struck refineries and a chemical plant, leaving one dead and over a dozen injured. The state uses more HGLs, including propane and ethane, than all other states combined.57 The industrial sector uses almost all the HGLs consumed in Texas as feedstock for the state's petrochemical industry.58,59 The transportation sector uses almost all the rest of the petroleum consumed in Texas. 39 U.S. EIA, NYMEX Futures Prices, Crude Oil in Dollars per Barrel, Monthly, 1983-2022. 76 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Mapping System, Natural Gas Interstate Pipeline Map Layer, accessed April 8, 2022. Texas is the nation's largest electricity consumer, but per capita consumption in Texas is less than in about three-tenths of the states. 104 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C12, Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2019. Energy-Related Regions and Organizations Many of those fields are in the Permian Basin of West Texas and in the Eagle Ford Shale of South Texas.32 The discovery of the Spindletop oil field in East Texas started the state's first major oil boom in 1901. 21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2019. 107 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.3.B. 51 U.S. EIA, Movements by Pipeline, Tanker, Barge and Rail between PAD Districts, Petroleum Products, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2016-21, From PADD 3. U.S. Geological Survey, Maps 90 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Texas, Annual, 2020. 79 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Export Terminals: Existing, Approved not Yet Built, and Proposed, updated March 5, 2021. 4 U.S. EIA, Texas, Profile Overview, Map Layers/Legends, All Coal Mines, Coal Field, accessed April 2, 2022. Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission 14 PR Newswire, "Importance of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) soars as Demand Increases," Press Release (March 16, 2021). 73 U.S. EIA, Eagle Ford Region Drilling Productivity Report (April 2022). U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications 40 U.S. EIA, "Benchmarks play an important role in pricing crude oil," Today in Energy (October 28, 2014). While it might not make sense for smaller companies . 19 U.S. EIA, Use of Energy Explained, Energy Use in Industry, updated August 2, 2021. 136 Ethanol Producers Magazine, U.S. Ethanol Plants, RINs, Operational, updated December 13, 2021. 54 U.S. EIA, "Gulf Coast refinery runs are approaching levels seen prior to Hurricane Harvey," Today in Energy (October 26, 2017). 1801 South Gulfway Drive Port Arthur, TX 77640 United States (409) 985-1000. 72 U.S. EIA, Permian Region Drilling Productivity Report, Permian Region Natural gas production (April 2022). Most are at wastewater treatment centers and landfills. 62 Larson, B.K., U.S. 126 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2022), Tables 6.2.A, 6.2.B. Texas is the top crude oil- and natural gas-producing state in the nation. 118 U.S. Census Bureau, Texas, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Click on each to view details of each refinery. 113 ERCOT, Company Profile, accessed April 17, 2022. The Texas sites have a combined storage capacity of 417 million barrels and are located in salt caverns in the state's Gulf Coast region.41 In 2021, SPR sold millions of barrels of crude oil to counter market disruptions caused, in part, by the COVID-19 pandemic.42 In 2022, SPR released more crude oil to ensure an adequate supply of petroleum in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.43 4 U.S. EIA, Texas, Profile Overview, Map Layers/Legends, All Coal Mines, Coal Field, accessed April 2, 2022. In 2020, annual production fell slightly to nearly 1.8 billion barrels in part because of lower demand during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Many of those fields are in the Permian Basin of West Texas and in the Eagle Ford Shale of South Texas.32 The discovery of the Spindletop oil field in East Texas started the state's first major oil boom in 1901. 36 U.S. EIA, "Horizontally drilled wells dominate U.S. tight formation production," Today in Energy (June 6, 2019). Texas ranks second in the nation, after California, in both population and the size of its economy.15,16 Texas also accounts for about one-seventh of the nation's total energy consumption, more than any other state, and it is sixth among the states in per capita energy consumption.17 However, because Texas produces much more energy than it consumes, it is the nation's largest net energy supplier.18 The Texas industrial sector includes the energy-intensive chemical manufacturing and petroleum industries, and industry is the state's largest energy consumer. 50 U.S. EIA, Refinery Net Production, Texas Gulf Coast, and Texas Inland, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2016-21. Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Energy 33 Wooster, Robert, and Christine Moor Sanders, "Spindletop Oilfield," Texas State Historical Association, updated April 2, 2019. *Includes only refineries with atmospheric crude oil distillation capacity. In part because of the state's large population, Texas leads the nation in total residential energy use, but it ranks among the lowest one-fifth of states in per capita residential energy consumption.27 The commercial sector accounts for almost as much energy consumption as the residential sector.28 120 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Texas, Required Energy Efficiency Goals, updated April 29, 2016. 58 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F11, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Consumption Estimates, 2020. 78 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Import Terminals: Existing, Approved not Yet Built, and Proposed, updated March 5, 2021. In 2020, annual production fell slightly to nearly 1.8 billion barrels in part because of lower demand during the COVID-19 global pandemic. 12 Texas Comptroller pf Public Accounts, Texas Comptroller Visits USA Rare Earth's Round Top Project for Good for Texas Tour: Supply Chains Edition, Press Release (October 27, 2021). 106 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2020 (October 2021), Texas, Table OS-22, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2020, and Table DS-37, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2020. 34 The Railroad Commission of Texas, Historical Crude Oil Production and Well Counts, History of Texas Initial Crude Oil, Annual Production and Producing Wells Since 1935, 1935-2018. 125 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Detailed State Data, Existing Nameplate and Net Summer Capacity by Energy Source, Producer Type and State (EIA-860), 1990-2020, Excel File. The rest are in salt caverns.88, Texas is the nation's largest natural gas consumer, accounting for 15% of the U.S. total.89 The industrial and electric power sectors each account for almost two-fifths of state natural gas use.90 The industrial sector in Texas accounted for about 22% of the nation's total industrial sector natural gas consumption in 2020.91 The amount of natural gas used for electricity generation in Texas is greater than in any other state and accounted for about 15% of the U.S. electric power sector's total in 2020.92 Texas uses almost twice as much natural gas in the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas as is consumed in the state's commercial and residential end-use sectors combined. It is used almost exclusively for power generation, usually at power plants near producing lignite mines.99 Substantial lignite deposits are found in a broad band in the Texas Gulf Coast region from the Rio Grande to the Arkansas border.100 Higher-grade bituminous coal occurs in deposits in north-central Texas west of Fort Worth and in small areas in the center of the state and along the state's southern border.101 Although underground mines produced most of the coal in Texas before the mid-1950s, those mines closed decades ago, and now surface mines produce all of the state's coal.102 Currently, six mines produce lignite, and one produces bituminous coal.103, Texas is the nation's largest coal consumer.104 On a tonnage basis, Texas lignite accounts for almost one-third of the state's coal consumption, with nearly all the rest of the state's needs met by subbituminous coal brought from Wyoming by rail. 26 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2009 RECS Survey Data, Air conditioning, Table HC7.10, Air Conditioning in Homes in South Region, Divisions, and States, 2009. The majority of the Texas refineries are clustered near ports along the Gulf Coast, and that region has the largest concentration of oil refineries in the United States.44 Texas has about one-fourth of the nation's operable refineries and nearly one-third of the total U.S. refining capacity. 11 Uranium Producers of America, Uranium in America, Uranium in Texas, accessed April 2, 2022. 15 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021. Texas refinery infrastructure is vulnerable to shutdowns during hurricane season as well.53,54 In 2021, the state led the nation in wind-powered electricity generation, producing more than one-fourth of the U.S. total.122,123 Texas regulators designated several high-quality wind resource areas in the western part of the state as Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ). 88 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Texas, Annual, 2020. Output fell in subsequent years, and by 2007 production was only slightly more than one-fourth of the 1972 peak.34 However, production rose again, most sharply after 2010, as hydraulically fractured horizontal wells drilled in both the Permian Basin and the Eagle Ford shale led to increased crude oil production.35,36,37 In 2017, Texas oil production exceeded the state's 1972 peak for the first time, and in 2019 annual output reached a new high of 1.85 billion barrels. The cold weather increased energy demand and also affected energy supply, causing intense and widespread energy market disruptions. The commercial sector uses almost three times as much petroleum as the residential sector, where less than 3% of households use petroleum products, primarily propane, for space heating.60,61 143 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2022), Table 6.2.B. Texas also leads the nation in residential sector electricity consumption, but like total use, the state's residential per capita consumption is less than in almost one-third of the states.117 The largest share of the state's electricity goes to the residential sector, where three in five Texas households use electricity as their primary source for home heating. Current page 1; Page 2; Page 3; Next page . 56 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020. 20 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars, Texas, All statistics in table, 2021. 143 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2022), Table 6.2.B. 2020 Refinery Statements. Direct-use applications, such as ground-source heat pumps, use low-temperature geothermal resources at locations around the state.140 In February 2021, an extreme winter weather event also sharply reduced fuel ethanol production in Texas.66. Texas generates more electricity than any other state, almost twice as much as second-place Florida. With over 5.1 million barrels a day, Texas has 29% of the nation's total capacity. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018, ExxonMobil, accessed April 7, 2022. Source: Rextag 142 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Texas, Renewable Generation Requirement, updated June 26, 2018. Reports for July 2020. Reports for August 2020. Renewable resources provided about one-fourth of in-state electricity net generation in Texas in 2021. 63 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, Nameplate Capacities of Fuel Ethanol Plants, January 1, 2021, Excel File. 35 U.S. EIA, U.S. tight oil productionselected plays, 2007-2021. It is used almost exclusively for power generation, usually at power plants near producing lignite mines.99 Substantial lignite deposits are found in a broad band in the Texas Gulf Coast region from the Rio Grande to the Arkansas border.100 Higher-grade bituminous coal occurs in deposits in north-central Texas west of Fort Worth and in small areas in the center of the state and along the state's southern border.101 Although underground mines produced most of the coal in Texas before the mid-1950s, those mines closed decades ago, and now surface mines produce all of the state's coal.102 Currently, six mines produce lignite, and one produces bituminous coal.103 Texas is home to 32 energy-related companies on the Fortune 500 list. 98 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2020 (October 2021), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2020. 92 U.S. EIA, Share of Total U.S. Natural Gas Delivered to Consumers, Electric Power, Annual, 2020. 128 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.17.B, 6.2.B. 130 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Texas, All fuels, Biomass (total), Wood and wood-derived fuel, Other biomass, Annual, 2021. That field's annual production peaked at 17.5 million barrels in 1902, but quickly declined.33 Later discoveries led to increased state crude oil production until 1972, when Texas' annual crude oil production peaked at slightly more than 1.26 billion barrels. 38 U.S. EIA, Texas Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, Thousand Barrels and Monthly Thousand Barrels, 1981-2021. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Texas 1 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Table P2, Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2019. Almost one-third of the nations crude oil refining capacity is in Texas. Coal 74 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Texas, 2016-21. 58 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F11, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Consumption Estimates, 2020. 61 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020. 140 Hadjerioua, Boualem, et.al, An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-Powered Dams in the United States, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (April 2012), p. 8. Texas also leads the nation in crude oil refining. Texas generates more electricity than any other state, almost twice as much as second-place Florida.Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the second-highest electricity-producing state, Florida.107 Natural gas-fired power plants supplied about half the electricity generated in Texas in 2021. 47 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 2020), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2021. 66 U.S. EIA, "Extreme winter weather event in Texas reduced fuel ethanol production in February," Today in Energy (March 31, 2021). Texas leads the nation in energy consumption across all sectors and is the largest energy-consuming state in the nation. In 2021, wind supplied one-fifth of Texas' in-state utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) generation, providing more in-state power than coal for the second year in a row. Barbara J Powell +Follow. 17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2018. Jeffrey Bair @barbarajpowell8 + Get alerts for Barbara J Powell After creating havoc in the power and natural gas markets, the next commodity sector causing concern in Texas is the state's. Nearly half of the natural gas that leaves Texas goes to other countries, primarily Mexico. 20 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars, Texas, All statistics in table, 2021. That plant has a capacity of about 500,000 tons per year.131,132 Texas also has several biogas facilities that recycle organic waste into renewable energy. 54 U.S. EIA, "Gulf Coast refinery runs are approaching levels seen prior to Hurricane Harvey," Today in Energy (October 26, 2017). In 2020, the residential and commercial end-use sectors together accounted for about 8% of all the natural gas consumed in Texas.93 More than one-third of Texas households rely on natural gas as their primary heating fuel, but the state's per capita residential natural gas use ranks among the lowest one-fourth of states.94,95,96. Port Arthur Refinery. Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Complex - Flint Hills Resources Corpus Christi Refinery - Citgo Corpus Christi East Refinery - Valero Corpus Christi West Refinery - Valero Deer Park Deer Park Refinery - Shell Oil Company El Paso El Paso Refinery - Western Refining Galveston Galveston Bay Refinery - Marathon Petroleum Company Houston Direct-use applications, such as ground-source heat pumps, use low-temperature geothermal resources at locations around the state.140, In 1999, the Texas Public Utility Commission adopted rules for the state's renewable energy mandate. 32 U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil & Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 5-7, 11. Renewable energy In 1999, the Texas Public Utility Commission adopted rules for the state's renewable energy mandate. In 2020, almost three times more natural gas left Texas than entered the state. 105 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2020 (October 2021), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2020. Natural gas fuels more electricity net generation in Texas than in any other state and accounts for 15% of all U.S. natural gas-fired generation.108 Wind is the second-largest source of in-state generation in Texas. These minerals are used in many energy-related technologies.12,13,14 The majority of the Texas refineries are clustered near ports along the Gulf Coast, and that region has the largest concentration of oil refineries in the United States.44 Texas has about one-fourth of the nation's operable refineries and nearly one-third of the total U.S. refining capacity. In 2021, wind supplied one-fifth of Texas' in-state utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) generation, providing more in-state power than coal for the second year in a row. Texas has liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals along its Gulf Coast at Freeport, Corpus Christi, and Sabine Pass.78,79 The Corpus Christi LNG export facility began operating in 2018.80 As natural gas production increased, several of the nation's LNG import terminals converted to or added export facilities. How many gas refineries are in Texas? 94 U.S. Census Bureau, Texas, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Traditional advertising is a good way to increase brand awareness, especially for companies looking to rebrand. 139 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Texas, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Annual, 2001-21. 103 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2020 (October 2021), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2020, and Table 2, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State, County, and Mine Type, 2020. 3 U.S. EIA, Texas, Profile Overview, Map Layers/Legends, Oil and Gas Wells, accessed April 2, 2022. See Definitions, Sources, and Notes link above for more information on this table. 123 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.14.B. The Reserve, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), can hold a combined total of up to 714 million barrels of crude oil in 60 huge underground salt caverns. 112 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, United States Electricity Industry Primer, DOE/OE-0017 (July 2015), p. 11. Has Dangote Refinery been completed? In 2020, the residential and commercial end-use sectors together accounted for about 8% of all the natural gas consumed in Texas.93 More than one-third of Texas households rely on natural gas as their primary heating fuel, but the state's per capita residential natural gas use ranks among the lowest one-fourth of states.94,95,96 85 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Annual, Texas, 2016-21. The refineries with the largest throughput in North America are all located in the Gulf Coast (PADD 3), with the five refineries that process more than 500,000 barrels per day all located in the states of Louisiana and Texas. The vast majority of Texas refineries are found near the Gulf of Mexico. 79 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Export Terminals: Existing, Approved not Yet Built, and Proposed, updated March 5, 2021. 118 U.S. Census Bureau, Texas, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. 100 Henderson, Dwight F., and Diana J. Kleiner, "Coal and Lignite Mining," Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas, accessed April 15, 2022. 87 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Working Gas Capacity, Annual, 2020. Texas leads the nation in wind-powered electricity generation. Meanwhile, six refineries with a capacity of about 801,000 bpd of oil have shuttered over the last two years amid the pandemic, federal data showed.In addition, five refineries with a capacity of 408,100 bpd of oil are idle, the largest number of idle refineries since 2012. 51 U.S. EIA, Movements by Pipeline, Tanker, Barge and Rail between PAD Districts, Petroleum Products, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2016-21, From PADD 3. Railroads, trucks, and conveyor belts deliver the lignite to Texas power plants. Marathon's Galveston Bay oil refinery in Texas City, Texas. 109 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of January 2022. Railroads, trucks, and conveyor belts deliver the lignite to Texas power plants. Because Texans consume three times more fuel ethanol than the state's plants can produce, additional supplies come from out of state.63,64,65 In 2020, fuel ethanol producers significantly reduced production in part because of reduced demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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