Chazizam, M. (2018). Across a span of more than 3,000 years, Italian history has been marked by episodes of temporary unification and long separation, of intercommunal strife and failed empires. [140], The Armistice of Villa Giusti, which ended fighting between Italy and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, resulted in Italian annexation of neighbouring parts of Yugoslavia. In 18601861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily (the Expedition of the Thousand),[121] while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States. Giovanni Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile, who have written The Facetious Nights of Straparola (15501555) and the Pentamerone (1634) respectively, printed some of the first known versions of fairy tales in Europe. Some of them include the Palio di Siena horse race, Holy Week rites, Saracen Joust of Arezzo, Saint Ubaldo Day in Gubbio, Giostra della Quintana in Foligno, and the Calcio Fiorentino. 2022. Italian unification came in the 19th century, when a liberal revolution installed Victor Emmanuel II as king. [293], A gaping NorthSouth divide is a major factor of socio-economic weakness. Perched at the edge of the Ligurian Sea, southeast of Genoa, the town is . [75][76][77] More than two centuries of stability followed, during which Italy was referred to as the Rectrix Mundi ("governor of the world") and Omnium Terrarum Parens ("parent of all lands").[78]. The Constitutional Court of Italy (Corte Costituzionale) rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution and is a postWorld War II innovation. The region is bordering the Adriatic Sea all along its coastline and it . [429] In comparison to other Western countries, Italy has a relatively low rate of adult obesity (below 10%[430]), as there are several health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy. See, Giovanni Brizzi, Roma. [580] However, much less emphasis is placed on breakfast, and breakfast itself is often skipped or involves lighter meal portions than are seen in non-Mediterranean Western countries. [199] National parks cover about 5% of the country,[200] while the total area protected by national parks, regional parks and nature reserves covers about 10.5% of the Italian territory,[201] to which must be added 12% of coasts protected by marine protected areas. Explore Tuscan vineyards and olive groves or drool over boutiques in fashionable Milan. [81] The Indo-Roman trade relations, beginning around the 1st century BCE, testify to extensive Roman trade in far away regions; many reminders of the commercial trade between the Indian subcontinent and Italy have been found, such as the ivory statuette Pompeii Lakshmi from the ruins of Pompeii. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Subsequently, in the 18th century, Italian Rococo was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Canaletto. [414], Soaring immigration in the last two decades has been accompanied by an increase in non-Christian faiths. [87] The investiture controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance composers Palestrina, Monteverdi and Gesualdo, the Baroque composers Scarlatti, Corelli and Vivaldi, the Classical composers Paisiello, Paganini and Rossini, and the Romantic composers Verdi and Puccini. Anarcho-communism first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the First International. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, the Resistenza, which fought a guerrilla war against the Nazi German occupiers and Italian Fascist forces. Also, Andrea Palladio influenced architects throughout Western Europe with the villas and palaces he designed in the middle and late 16th century; the city of Vicenza, with its twenty-three buildings designed by Palladio, and twenty-four Palladian Villas of the Veneto are listed by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site named City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto. The climate of the Po valley geographical region is mostly humid subtropical, with cool winters and hot summers. In modern times the Italian Navy, being a member of the EU and NATO, has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations around the world. [230], The climate of Italy is influenced by the large body of water of the Mediterranean Sea that surrounds Italy on every side except the north. Bicycle racing is a familiar sport in the country. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways, the so-called autostrade, reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. 9. In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL. [328] He, Emilio G. Segr (19051989) who discovered the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton), Bruno Rossi (19051993) a pioneer in Cosmic Rays and X-ray astronomy) and a number of Italian physicists were forced to leave Italy in the 1930s by Fascist laws against Jews. Renewable sources account for 27.5% of all electricity produced in Italy, with hydro alone reaching 12.6%, followed by solar at 5.7%, wind at 4.1%, bioenergy at 3.5%, and geothermal at 1.6%. [416], The Italian state, as a measure to protect religious freedom, devolves shares of income tax to recognised religious communities, under a regime known as Eight per thousand. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [31] From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, mainly in the north, and acquired a colonial empire,[32] while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation, fuelling a large and influential diaspora. Italy has 11 rail border crossings over the Alpine mountains with its neighbouring countries. The northern area of Cisalpine Gaul was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Italy,[50] but remained politically and de jure separated. Francis of Assisi (pp. That empire was rarely secure, not only because of the unwillingness of conquered peoples to stay conquered but also because of power struggles between competing Roman political factions, military leaders, families, ethnic groups, and religions. The Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service arm on 28 March 1923 by King Victor Emmanuel III as the Regia Aeronautica ("Royal Air Force"). Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s due to economic growth and the rise of mass media and television (the state broadcaster RAI helped set a standard Italian). While this does not necessarily mean that people have no access to technology, it is made clear that this equates to differences in technology, such as the Internet and household electronics. [84] The Franks also helped the formation of the Papal States in central Italy. The national railway network, state-owned and operated by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (FSI), in 2008 totalled 16,529km (10,271mi) of which 11,727km (7,287mi) is electrified, and on which 4,802 locomotives and railcars run. [557] Major Italian fashion labels, such as Gucci, Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara, Trussardi, and Ferragamo, to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. [573] Dishes and recipes are often derivatives from local and familial tradition rather than created by chefs, so many recipes are ideally suited for home cooking, this being one of the main reasons behind the ever-increasing worldwide popularity of Italian cuisine, from America[574] to Asia. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.[152]. The city of Milan hosts Fiera Milano, Europe's largest design fair. [366] The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008,[367] albeit still below the replacement rate of 2.1 and considerably below the high of 5.06 children born per woman in 1883. Machiavelli's most famous work was The Prince, whose contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between political realism and political idealism. Average winter temperatures vary from around 0C (32F) in the Alps to 12C (54F) in Sicily, so average summer temperatures range from 20C (68F) to over 25C (77F). Da Piacenza left one work: De arte saltandi et choreus ducendi (On the art of dancing and conducting dances), which was put together by his students. Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities. [97] Italian Renaissance exercised a dominant influence on subsequent European painting and sculpture for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giotto, Donatello, and Titian, and architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Andrea Palladio, and Donato Bramante. The republics were heavily involved in the Crusades, providing support and transport, but most especially taking advantage of the political and trading opportunities resulting from these wars. 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[363] As for non-hotel facilities (campsites, tourist villages, accommodations for rent, agritourism, etc. Academic works describing Italy as a Western European country: Though the modern state of Italy had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the, According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37% of 2.8million immigrants in that country, The Holy See's sovereignty has been recognized explicitly in many international agreements and is particularly emphasized in article 2 of the, Year-month-day also sometimes used, though rarely, mainly used for computing contexts. In Sardinia, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states known in Italian as Judicates, although some parts of the island fell under Genoese or Pisan rule until eventual Aragonese annexation in the 15th century. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the progressive rock and pop movement of the 1970s, with bands like PFM, Banco del Mutuo Soccorso, Le Orme, Goblin, and Pooh. Famous Italian opera singers include Enrico Caruso and Alessandro Bonci. [236], Italy has been a unitary parliamentary republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum. [25][26] The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art. For example, Pliny the Elder notably wrote in a letter Italicus es an provincialis? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [262][263][264] It is a highly developed country; ranked the 30th Human Development Index. [361] Out of Italy's 58 heritage sites, 53 are cultural and 5 are natural. Court musicians and dancers collaborated to provide elaborate entertainment for them. Italy was the birthplace and heart of the Renaissance during the 1400s and 1500s. This geographical indication certificate, which is attributed by the European Union, is considered important in order to avoid confusion with low-quality mass-produced ersatz products. [184], In February 2021, after a government crisis within his majority, Conte was forced to resign and Mario Draghi, former president of the European Central Bank, formed a national unity government supported by almost all the main parties,[185] pledging to oversee implementation of economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic. These are arranged in a hierarchical scale, under which the rule of a lower source cannot conflict with the rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources). The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, renowned for his extremely loyal followers,[117] who led the Italian republican drive for unification in Southern Italy. [157][158] Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. Villas, palaces, gardens, interiors and art began to be based on Roman and Greek themes. [530][531], As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and starting from the 1950s through the Commedia all'italiana genre, and other film genres, such as sword-and-sandal followed as Spaghetti Westerns, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. [291] For all that, the largest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece,[292] and the level of household debt is much lower than the OECD average. In the same period, Emilio Salgari, writer of action-adventure swashbucklers and a pioneer of science fiction, published his Sandokan series. They were, however, subsequently defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African campaign and the North African campaign, losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans. [565][566] Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,[567][568][569] abundance of difference in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world,[570] wielding strong influence abroad.[571]. The Romanesque movement, which went from approximately 800 AD to 1100 AD, was one of the most fruitful and creative periods in Italian architecture, when several masterpieces, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa in the Piazza dei Miracoli, and the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan were built. Italy was hit hard by the Financial crisis of 200708, that exacerbated the country's structural problems. Italy is a democratic republic.. Italy is a founding member of the European Union. The remaining part of the peninsula remained under the Byzantines and was divided between the exarchate of Italy, based in Ravenna, the Duchy of Rome, the Duchy of Naples, the Duchy of Calabria and Sicily, the latter directly dependent on the Emperor of Constantinople. [506] Italian opera was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in cities such as Mantua and Venice. Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London (1915), so this outcome was denounced as a Mutilated victory. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 19411945: Occupation and Collaboration. In particular, the construction of the Suez Canal intensified sea trade with East Africa and Asia from the 19th century. By JamesII. Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements,[445] such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. When the empire fell, a series of barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula, but, after the Lombard invasion of 568-569, a network of smaller political entities arose throughout Italy. The Italian law enforcement system is complex, with multiple police forces. Quality goods in which Italy specialises, particularly the already mentioned wines and regional cheeses, are often protected under the quality assurance labels DOC/DOP. [552] It is also one of the two Grand Prix present in every championship since the first one in 1950. Michelangelo was active as a sculptor from about 1500 to 1520; his works include his David, Piet, Moses. In 2022, Italy's president is Sergio Mattarella.Its prime minister is Giorgia Meloni. After World War II, when Italy became a republic following a referendum, the Regia Aeronautica was given its current name. Physicist Enrico Fermi (19011954), a Nobel prize laureate, led the team in Chicago that developed the first nuclear reactor. [99][100][101] Humanist rulers such as Federico da Montefeltro and Pope Pius II worked to establish ideal cities where man is the measure of all things, and therefore founded Urbino and Pienza respectively. The country gave a fundamental contribution to the victory of the conflict as one of the "Big Four" top Allied powers. The acrobatic display team is the Frecce Tricolori ("Tricolour Arrows"). As you explore Italy, you'll stand face-to-face with some of the world's most iconic images from this 2,000-year history: Rome's ancient Colosseum and . [536] As of 2016[update], Italian films have also won 12 Palmes d'Or,[537] 11 Golden Lions[538] and 7 Golden Bears. Rule devolved to the level of the city-state, although the Normans succeeded in establishing a modest empire in southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century. 16, pp. [472], Italian theatre originates from the Middle Ages, with its background dating back to the times of the ancient Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, in Southern Italy,[486] the theatre of the Italic peoples[487] and the theatre of ancient Rome. In 1176 a league of city-states, the Lombard League, defeated the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano, thus ensuring effective independence for most of northern and central Italian cities.
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