Abaza, H. (1996). 2000. 67 0 obj Secondly, development policies, strategies and implementation should be people-centered rather than interest-driven. The Palgrave Handbook of political elites. Thus, national government intervention through policy and the political will and commitment to ensure that infrastructure development promotes a welfare economy as opposed to exploitation for economic gains is crucial. The state is still liable in the provision of the necessary environment to foster/enable human security, nonetheless. Davis, Mike. Instead, far from economic and human development we see high levels of poverty, poor access to basic social amenities, growing unemployment, and increased susceptibility to pandemics and epidemics. Dev. 3 0 obj How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Rapid urbanization has created economic opportunities and increase the productive capacity of [mega]cities. Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. The data shows that across gender, 21 percent of male respondents declared that they were offered money or non-monetary favours in exchange for their votes in the state and national elections in comparison to 18 per cent of female respondents (Sasu, 2022). Currently, the transport system in South Africa reflects continued inequality across income, class, and racial lines. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 38 0 obj Anku, A., and Eni-Kalu, T. (2019). Escape from Empire: The Developing Worlds Journey through Heaven and Hell. The study of African postcolonial politics can be properly understood only through an appreciation of the long sweep of African history, including colonial and centuries of precolonial history. (2013). endobj Rapid urbanization results in a wide range of security challenges that require effective management in terms of the provision of social goods while improving the quality of life for the urban dwellers (Chmutina and Bosher, 2017). Piskunova, N. I. Deych, T. L., & Korendyasov, E. N. The menace of vote buying and selling in nigeria and ways forward. 2014. Int. The story of post-independence African politics has largely centered around the struggles and travails of African states. A New Scramble for Africa? Africa and the Modern World. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. State building efforts in post-colonial Africa have been characterized by neo-liberal dogma in the quest to build or construct state institutions for a functioning state. Human Security, in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Irrespective of the characteristic and nature of slums, [human] security is a precondition for development. Thus, human security is a situation where individuals, groups, and communities are privy to a variety of options necessary with the corresponding capacity and freedom to end, mitigate, or adapt to threats to their human, social, economic, and environmental rights (Lonergan, 1999). doi: 10.1080/19186444.2020.1795527. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Militarism in Africa, New Left Review I/38, pp. Available online at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/32186-doc-towards_the_african_integrated_high_speed_railway_network_aihsrn_development-e.pdf. London: Verso. While there exist many definitions and contestations on what constitutes human security, a prominent feature is that the concept prioritizes the security of individuals, communities and groups over state actors. Of importance to this article is goal #1 and the four priority areas: incomes, jobs and decent work; poverty, inequality and hunger; social security and protection including persons with disabilities; and modern and liveable habitats and basic quality services. (2010). <> Nature 456 (Suppl 1), 3233. This system resulted in the social exclusion and artificial separation of people. Crawford Young is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Ferguson, James. Multi-national Corporations and many European and American nations as well as organizations send money in the form of humanitarian aid to Africa. Available online at: https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-03-16-failing-local-government-systems-alexandras-perpetual-affliction/?amp. p. 755791. endobj The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Theory Society. Informal institutions are defined in terms of traditional forms of land delivery that are not endorsed by the state that are clientelist and neo-patrimonial in nature. (Eds.). Yet, in post-apartheid era, the government not much has been done to address the mobility needs of low-income travelers who constitute most of the urban population (Lucas, 2011). Received: 12 April 2022; Accepted: 10 November 2022; Published: 07 December 2022. One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Similar arguments have been used in scrutinizing the politics of development aid in Africa. Towards the end of last year, the Taureg claimed their land by capturing strategic cities and fronts and declaring independence. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2018.1487257, Chmutina, K., and Bosher, L. (2017). Neopatrimonialism regimes and political transitions in Africa. Where do we go from here? endobj In fact, distinct economic theory has been practiced and failed in these states time and time again. Bocquier, P. (2008). Securing humanity: situating 'human security' as concept and discourse. Studies show that informal settlements and slums are hotspots for crime and violence across Africa. Rethinking human security. The United Nations defines slum households or dwellers as a group of individuals living in an urban area but lack one or more of the following: durable housing, sufficient living area, access to basic social amenities including water and sanitation, and a secure tenure (UN-Habitat, 2006). It is a messy constructive, comprising of areas of effective and This, among other issues, is a cause for lacking development. New York: Times Books, 1994. These recommendations seek to hold key actors like national and local governments accountable and responsible for the implementation of just urban transition policies rather than fault weak or the absence of institutions as mainstream literature posits. Also, infrastructure development in Africa has become part of a larger contestation between two world powersthe United States and its allies versus the People's Republic of China. doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.747292, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. B. Mail Guardian. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1 0 obj Asia and Africa Today, 12, 1520. <>2]/P 14 0 R/Pg 52 0 R/S/Link>> (In Russian). This is not central to only Mali and West Africa. Demanding recognition: a new Framework for the Study of Political Clientelism, Religious leaders as agents of LGBTIQ inclusion in East Africa, Subscription prices and ordering for this journal, Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Hayden, Gran. In The Postcolonial State in Africa, Crawford Young offers an informed and authoritative comparative overview of fifty years of African independence, drawing on his decades of research and. Africa's Slums Aren't Harbingers of Anarchy - They're Engines of Democracy: The Upside of Rapid Urbanization. Project Appraisal. His many books include, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese, Itineraries Three Cycles of Hope and Disappointment, The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 19602010, Africa and the Diaspora: History, Politics, Culture Series, The Post-colonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960-2010. doi: 10.1191/1464993403ps056ra, Mo Ibrahim Foundation. (2021). While such response may be in alignment with the laws and regulations of the land, the reality remains that slums and informal settlements are a direct consequence of rapid urbanization and systemic/structural issues that must be adequately addressed and prioritized in national, regional, and continental development agenda. Arrigh, Giovanni. Mudimbe, V.Y. J. Contemp. Evans, et al. The rapidly and profoundly changing contours of late-20th and early-21st-century world politics and the global economy have intertwined, at least until recently, with predominant weakness and political decay in African politics as well as endemic economic underdevelopment. Mkandawire, Thandika and Charles C. Soludo. Garbage accumulates for weeks on end enabling the infestation of rodents, leaking sewage spilling onto the streets and neighborhood where [pregnant] women, children, and the elderly live. Underdevelopment and Dependency in Black Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies X: 503-24. Problem statement Land Audit Report: Phase II: Private Land Ownership by Race, Gender, and Nationality. doi: 10.1080/14649880500120558, Gay, R. (1990). Community organization and clientelist politics in contemporary brazil: a case study from Suburban Rio de Janeiro. Brookings. The next section discusses and establishes a link between urbanization and human security. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. London: James Curry Ltd. Makki, Fouad. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work. Noting discrepancies between the theory and practice Mazrui, Ali. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Development as Freedom. 257, 684691. A Half Century of African Independence: Three Cycles of Hope and Disappointment, Part Two: Itineraries: Three Cycles of Hope and Disappointment, 3. As would be discussed in the latter part of the article, slums are characterized by clientelism and repression, but they could also be reflective of cooperation, political mobilization, and collective problem-solving. In fact, religion has not disappeared from public life in postcolonial South Africa, but continues to be a powerful source of good, evil (Dreyer 2007), and unending controversy. Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press. This includes digging a borehole or a well to provide water to the community and/or sell to others to generate income. Still other issues address concepts, ideas, or phenomena that seem ripe for exploration. Aggarwal, V. K., and Dupont, C. (2008). 2006. 1999. The nature and character of the post-colonial African state from GOOD COUPS AND BAD COUPS: The limits of the African Union's injunction on unconstitutional changes of power in Africa on JSTOR JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources. As Guzzini (2011, p. 330) argues, security is understood not through its substance but through its performance. Adisa (1994) examines the factors that prompt the problem of street violence, drugs and area boys in Nigeria. This section provides an overview of some of the trends in urbanization in Africa drawing on examples from across the African continent but preference will be given to two of the fastest growing megacities in the region namely Johannesburg, South Africa and Lagos, Nigeria. APRM (2017). 1992. Similarly, urban human security challenges are construed to pose a threat to national/state security. The paper discovered that conflicts in post-colonial Africa arises as a result of state coercive unilateralism and state partisanship. This book . Copyright 2022 Eyita-Okon. The promotion of human security is also closely linked to a positive vision of society that is embodied in notions such as well-being, quality of life, and human flourishing (Lister, 2004). 1995. Peasants and Democracy in Africa. New Left Review I/15: 37-49. Available online at: https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-03-12-operation-dudula-reaches-ekurhuleni-as-locals-target-illegal-immigrants/ (accessed 16 March, 2022). Also, these development partners tend to prioritize the economics of infrastructure specifically its ability to yield returns on their investments or enable the borrowing country to repay the loans over the stipulated/agreed time frame. 3, 113130. Available online at: https://thenewhumanitarian.org/report/55442/nigeria-area-boys-growing-menace-street-lagos, Thomas, D. P. (2013). 72% of land is owned by whites, 15% by coloureds, 5% by Indians, and only 4% by the majority black Africans (South African Government, 2018). The question of african agency in international relations. They generate a higher-than-average proportion of the nation's output of goods and services, epicenters for innovation, while offering (economic) opportunities to individuals and businesses alike (Makinde, 2012). Freedoms emphasize both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, and the actual opportunities that people have, given their personal and social circumstances (Sen, 1999, p. 17). doi: 10.1023/A:1006905214896. 4, 117. He argues that in relation to cities and urban transformation, the relevant formal institutions constitute the legal and regulatory frameworks and instruments within states. Bollens (2008) argues that enhancing urban safety and security can be achieved through sound urban policies that create physical and psychological spaces that can co-contribute to and actualize human security in cities. London: Pan. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Integration of sustainability objectives in structural adjustment programmes using strategic environment assessment. Growth Against Democracy: Savage Developmentalism in the Modern World. Japan, the World Bank and the Art of Paradigm Maintenance: The East Asian Miracle in Political Perspective. New Left Review I/217: 3-37. Meeting the requirements of Western stateness has posed profound, even controversial, challenges for African political leaders and their citizens, a struggle that Herbst 2000 explores. 1994. 1992. A new type of colonialism was launched, characterized by a low level of predictability and foresight. 2007. Leys, Colin. Please subscribe or login. The process of gaining independence in Africa was accompanied by the intensified colonial liberation movements, elite struggle for power, and the formation of new state borders. 20, 79129. 2007. International Migration Outlook. Moselely, William. Prior, it is important to establish an understanding of the prevalence and persistence of slums and informal settlements in post-colonial Africa despite various exploratory development agenda and initiatives to address poverty, socio-economic inequalities in the continent. A combination of multiple causes explains the leadership failure in post-colonial African states. (2020). Thus, the level of analysis for this paper is the continental-regional-national dynamics to addressing urban human security challenge. Available online at: https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2015/drowning_megacities/index.html, World Bank. Durham: Duke University Press. __________. The Challenges of Measuring Urbanisation in Africa, in Africa's Urbanisation Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography. Hoogvelt, Ankie. 3 . Kramon (2013) also argues that cash or food handouts signal a message to the voters on the extent to which the politician is willing and ready to serve and protect their respective interests (Kramon, 2013). Prince 12.5 (www.princexml.com) The article concludes by assessing Africa's capacity to address urban human security issues on a continental scale, while noting the challenges and opportunities. Financing entails sourcing for huge capital investments for sustainable infrastructure development (World Bank, 2013). Opposition politicians and critics say its the most draconian law ever passed in post-colonial Zimbabwe. This in turn undermines the safety, security, and welfare of humans thereby requiring state intervention to address urban human insecurity. Securitization as a causal mechanism. The Specter of Global China. New Left Review 89: 29-65. According to the Urban Safety Reference Group, the interlinked dynamics of urbanization, marginalization, and poor social and physical environments increase the likelihood of crime and violence (South African Cities Network, 2016). New York: Times Books. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19354616, Mcllwaine, C., and Moser, C. (2003). Kassaye Nigusie, V. M., Ponomarenko, L. V., & Savicheva, E. M. (2020). Most peri-urban areas and informal settlements like Ajegule and Makoko barely have access to electricity, water and sanitation (Egbejule, 2016). Africa became the dark continent where various white crusaders struck moral pastures.3. King Leopolds Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Available online at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/industrialization-in-subsaharan-africa-seizing-opportunities-in-global-value-chains, Zandt, F. (2022). These include basic challenges such as access to food, shelter and health amenities, to impact of climate change and natural disasters such as flooding, earthquakes and cyclones, and collective security issues such as protection from urban terrorism or war (UN-Habitat, 2007). New York: Earthscan. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty First Century. endobj Irrespective, Agenda 2063 accords Africa the opportunity to: prioritize the challenges of urbanization as high rather than low politics, rethink the region's approach to developmentfrom interest-driven to people-centered development, and create incentives to facilitate compliance. An important historically and comparatively grounded study of the problem of sub-Saharan African state formation, addressing the nature and basis of their pervasive contemporary weakness. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. (2021). Kassaye Nigusie, V. M. (2016a). Kleinknecht, Alfred, E. Mandel, I. Wallerstein, Eds. Through hard changes and a long process of change, these post-colonial nations may begin to show signs of growth. Still on distribution of holding power, Goodfellow assesses mega cities in Kampala, Kigali, and Addis Ababa, and how powerful groups and interests shaped development outcomes across the board. Similarly, the absence of informal settlements to prey on for votes would have serious implications on politics and elections in Africa. Now, we must ask ourselves, how can these nations discover economic growth? 66 0 obj state so common in modern Africa. Studies project that the population of African cities is expected to triple from about 400 million to 1.2 billion by 2050 (Wamsler et al., 2015; United Nations, 2021). 2021-07-03T03:37:03-07:00 1966. 1976. The African Development Bank posits that Africa stands to gain massive economic benefits from improved infrastructure in comparison to other regions of the world (African Development Bank, 2018, p. 66). Arrighi, Giovanni. Ethnicity, patronage and the African State: The politics of uncivil nationalism. (2022). Urbanisation in developing countries: is the 'cities without slums' target attainable?. Bratton, M., & Van de Walle, N. (1994). Economic attractiveness and investment potential of the African region to the South of Sahara. <> The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. Request Permissions, Published By: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Available online at: https://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-13-southern-africas-housing-crisis-needs-progressive-policy-with-less-stringent-urbanisation-regulation/, Lisinge, R. T. (2020). In South Africa, the Department of Human Settlement is tasked with the provision of low-cost housing (RDP houses) to previously disadvantaged citizens, in an attempt to address the growth in informal settlements and slums. Land Expropriation Without Compensation in South Africa: Why it is Sustainable. Polit. Washington DC: Howard University Press. Dialogue. African Politics in Comparative Perspective. These issues stem from their roots as post-colonial nations naturally, through arbitrary borders that cause conflict, a lack of industry for professional labor and inappropriate funding designation by the recipients of foreign aid and MNC investment.